Changes in Eye Tracking Features Across Periods of Overpressure Exposure

Abstract

Introduction Repetitive exposure to blast overpressure waves can be a part of routine military and law enforcement training. However, our understanding of the effects of that repetitive exposure on human neurophysiology remains limited. To link an individual’s cumulative exposure with their neurophysiological effects, overpressure dosimetry needs to be concurrently collected with relevant physiological signals. Eye tracking has shown promise for providing insight into neurophysiological change because of neural injury, but video-based technology limits usage to a laboratory or clinic. In the present work, we show capability for using electrooculography-based eye tracking to enable physiological assessment in the field during activities involved repetitive blast exposures. Materials and Methods Overpressure dosimetry was accomplished by using a body-worn measurement system that captures continuous sound pressure levels as well as pressure waveforms of blast event in the range of 135-185 dB peak (0.1-36 kPa). Electrooculography eye tracking was performed using a commercial Shimmer Sensing system, which captured horizontal eye movements of both the left and right eyes, as well as vertical eye movements of the right eye, from which blinks can also be extracted. Data were collected during breaching activities that included repetitive use of explosives. Participants in the study were U.S. Army Special Operators and Federal Bureau of Investigations special agents. Approval for research was received by the Massachucetts Institute of Technology Committee on the Use of Humans as Experimental Subjects, the Air Force Human Research Protections Office, and the Federal Bureau of Investigations Institutional Review Board. Results The energy from overpressure events was accumulated and summarized into an 8-hour equivalent of sound pressure level (i.e., LZeq8hr). The total exposure in a single day, i.e., the LZeq8hr, ranged from 110 to 160 dB. Oculomotor features, such as blink and saccade rate, as well as variance in blink waveforms, show changes across the period of overpressure exposure. However, the features that showed significant change across the population were not necessarily the ones that showed significant correlation with the levels of overpressure exposure. A regression model built to predict overpressure levels from oculomotor features alone showed a significant association (R = 0.51, P < .01). Investigation of the model indicates that changes in the saccade rate and blink waveforms are driving the relationship. Conclusions This study successfully demonstrated that eye tracking can be performed during training activities, such as explosive breaching, and that the modality may provide insight into neurophysiological change across periods of overpressure exposure. The results presented herein show that electrooculography-based eye tracking may be a useful method of assessing individualized physiological effects of overpressure exposure in the field. Future work is focused on time-dependent modeling to assess continuous changes in eye movements as this will enable building dose–response curves.