Changes in Potential Evaporation in the Years 1952–2018 in North-Western Poland in Terms of the Impact of Climatic Changes on Hydrological and Hydrochemical Conditions

Abstract

The paper analyses changes in potential evaporation E0 (mm) in north-western Poland in the years 1952–2018. E0 (mm) has been calculated according to Ivanov’s formula based on the monthly values of air temperature (t, °C) and relative air humidity (f, %) for six weather stations of the Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. The data were collected using the Statistica software ver. 13 and the QGIS software ver. 3.80. The results indicate statistically significant trends in the increase of E0 during the period 1952–2018, and that it is particularly high during the spring and summer months, which should be associated with a statistically significant increase in air temperature and a decrease in relative humidity at all examined stations. The results also indicate an exceptionally high increase in evaporation since the end of the 20th century and in the 21st century, which reflects a potentially higher risk of permanent changes in hydrological conditions. The research results point to the major role of climatic factors in the often-dramatic decreases in water resources observed in the 21st century, particularly in lakes and small watercourses. The progressing reduction of water resources may cause permanent changes in physical and chemical conditions in waterbodies.

Changes in Hydromorphological Conditions in an Endorheic Lake Influenced by Climate and Increasing Water Consumption, and Potential Effects on Water Quality

“…It is related to an increase in air temperature [39,84], which causes higher potential evaporation [76]. Annual potential evaporation in the research area in the years 1952-2018-measured at the meteorological station in Toru ń-increased by 183.9 mm [76]. The authors found that the highest increase occurred in the spring (March-May) and summer (July-September).…”

“…In the case of many lakes, the process of progressive disappearance associated with a decrease in surface area and water table lowering has accelerated significantly in the 21st century. It is related to an increase in air temperature [39,84], which causes higher potential evaporation [76]. Annual potential evaporation in the research area in the years 1952-2018-measured at the meteorological station in Toru ń-increased by 183.9 mm [76].…”

“…The increase in air temperature in Poland in the second half of the 20th century slightly exceeded 0.2 °C per 10 years [74,75]. However, the increase within the study area was higher compared to other regions and amounted in Toruń to 0.31 °C per 10 years [76]. In the study area, as in other parts of Poland [77], no reduction in annual sums of precipitation was observed in the second half of the 20th As mentioned before, the samples were taken in 2002 in Lake Borówno tributaries, because in 2002, flowing water was observed in these streams.…”

Changes in Terrestrial Evaporation across Poland over the Past Four Decades Dominated by Increases in Summer Months

“…Projections of changes of areal ET in the Wielkopolska Region (central-western part of Poland) indicate that the regional average increase in the annual ET is predicted to equal 45 mm, with the highest changes occurring during the winter, when comparing the control period of 1961-1990 to the projection horizon of 2061-2090 [25]. In the north-western part of Poland, significant increasing trends in the potential ET were observed during the period of 1952-2018, as investigated based on data acquired from six weather stations [26]. In this area, particularly high increases were detected during the spring and summer months, explained by a significant increase in air temperature and a decrease in relative humidity, marking the end of the 20th century and the start of the 21st century.…”

The Influence of the Sign of NAO Phases during the Winter Period on the Water Balance and the Possibility of Drought Occurrence in the Warm Season in Poland

“…Dość często w pracach polskich agroklimatologów, hydrologów i klimatologów rozmiar parowania lub ewapotranspiracji potencjalnej szacuje się za pomocą formuły Iwanowa (np. Musiał, Bubnowska, Gąsiorek 2007;Kędziora 2008;Radzka 2014;Okoniewska, Szumińska 2020). A.…”