Changes in salivary flow rate, pH, and viscosity among working men and women

Govindaraj, Sethuraman; Daniel, Mariappan Jonathan; Vasudevan, Srinivasan Subramanian; Kumaran, Jimsha Vannathan

doi:10.4103/dmr.dmr_20_19

Cited by 18 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 1 publication

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“…Additionally, factors such as sex may also play a role in transmission. As previously mentioned, women having a naturally lower saliva content that is thicker may also have a lesser tendency to transmit pathogens 23 . In general, the present study finds that women, depressed/stress, and ill individuals have a natural tendency to reduce the transmission rate airborne pathogens.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Other factors such as anxiety, fatigue, and headaches also reduce saliva flow rate 22 . Stress can also lead to increased saliva viscosity 23 . These psychological factors relate to those that are symptomatic or prone to illness and, as mentioned above, may lead to reduced transmission rates of pathogens.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These psychological factors relate to those that are symptomatic or prone to illness and, as mentioned above, may lead to reduced transmission rates of pathogens. Lastly, the sex of a human also changes these variables, where women are found to have lesser and thicker saliva 23 . These sex-based differences could be associated with different social behaviors and roles.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of saliva fluid properties on pathogen transmissibility

Reyes

Fontes

Bazzi

et al. 2021

Sci Rep

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With an increasing body of evidence that SARS-CoV-2 is an airborne pathogen, droplet character formed during speech, coughs, and sneezes are important. Larger droplets tend to fall faster and are less prone to drive the airborne transmission pathway. Alternatively, small droplets (aerosols) can remain suspended for long time periods. The small size of SARS-CoV-2 enables it to be encapsulated in these aerosols, thereby increasing the pathogen’s ability to be transmitted via airborne paths. Droplet formation during human respiratory events relates to airspeed (speech, cough, sneeze), fluid properties of the saliva/mucus, and the fluid content itself. In this work, we study the fluidic drivers (fluid properties and content) and their influence on factors relating to transmissibility. We explore the relationship between saliva fluid properties and droplet airborne transmission paths. Interestingly, the natural human response appears to potentially work with these drivers to mitigate pathogen transmission. In this work, the saliva is varied using two approaches: (1) modifying the saliva with colloids that increase the viscosity/surface tension, and (2) stimulating the saliva content to increased/decreased levels. Through modern experimental and numerical flow diagnostic methods, the character, content, and exposure to droplets and aerosols are all evaluated. The results indicate that altering the saliva properties can significantly impact the droplet size distribution, the formation of aerosols, the trajectory of the bulk of the droplet plume, and the exposure (or transmissibility) to droplets. High-fidelity numerical methods used and verify that increased droplet size character enhances droplet fallout. In the context of natural saliva response, we find previous studies indicating natural human responses of increased saliva viscosity from stress and reduced saliva content from either stress or illness. These responses both favorably correspond to reduced transmissibility. Such a finding also relates to potential control methods, hence, we compared results to a surgical mask. In general, we find that saliva alteration can produce fewer and larger droplets with less content and aerosols. Such results indicate a novel approach to alter SARS-CoV-2’s transmission path and may act as a way to control the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as influenza and the common cold.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of saliva fluid properties on pathogen transmissibility

Reyes

Fontes

Bazzi

et al. 2021

Sci Rep

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“…The viscosity of saliva shows an insignificant correlation to dental caries (p>0.05) as well as an insignificant correlation, also showed between gingiva inflammation and the viscosity of saliva [36]. In a previous study, saliva's viscosity in both working men and women were 1.05 cP and 1.29 cP, respectively, while in the depressed condition was 1.3 cP-1.5 cP [37]. There was no significant effect of the addition of amyl α-amylase or saliva with the suspension of bacteria [38].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Spectrophotometric Analysis of Streptococcus mutans Growth and Biofilm Formation in Saliva and Histatin-5 Relate to pH and Viscosity

Syafriza

Sutadi

Primasari

et al. 2021

Pesqui. Bras. Odontopediatria Clín. Integr.

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Objective: To analyze the ability of saliva in controlling the growth and the biofilm formation of Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) as well as the effect of histatin-5 anti-biofilm relate to pH and saliva viscosity. Material and Methods: The S. mutans biofilm assayed by crystal violet 1% and its growth measured by spectrophotometer. The saliva viscosity was analyzed by viscometer, and pH of saliva was measured by pH meter. Results: Based on the optical density values, growth of S. mutans in saliva ranged <300 CFU/mL (0.1 nm) at concentrations of 25%, 12.5% and 6.25% for 24 hours. Whereas at the 48 h and 72 h period of incubation shown an increase in growth of S. mutans ranged 300-600 CFU/mL (0.2-0.36 nm). The inhibitory biofilm formation of S. mutans in saliva was significantly higher at concentrations of 12.5% and 6.25% at 24 h incubation times on a moderate scale, whereas the histatin-5 was effective to inhibit S. mutans biofilm on the 50 and 25 ppm. The saliva possessed a higher inhibitory of biofilm S. mutans than histatin-5 and good level viscosity (0.91-0.92 cP). Conclusion: The saliva was able to control the growth of S. mutans, and histatin-5 can inhibit the biofilm formation S. mutans. Furthermore, the saliva was also able to respond to the pH change with good viscosity of saliva.

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“…Just as with saliva-based PCR testing, homogenization was proposed as a method for efficient sample disruption [24]. Viscosity in homogenized saliva samples has been shown to be greatly reduced to amounts that are similar to those found in water.…”

Section: Viral Antigen Detection From Salivamentioning

confidence: 99%

The Utility of Mechanical Homogenization in COVID-19 Diagnostic Workflows

Morehouse¹,

Nash²,

Proctor³

et al. 2022

Biotechnology to Combat COVID-19

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The use of mechanical homogenization in patient sample preparation for COVID-19 diagnostics has proven impactful in the face of the global pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2. Through methods including bead beating and shaker mill homogenization novel approaches to viral detection have been developed and improvements have been made to existing diagnostic workflows for the improvement of throughput and automation capacity. The application of mechanical homogenization techniques has enhanced the sensitivity and methodology for many molecular based approaches to COVID-19 detection and from a variety of sample types ranging from saliva to nasopharyngeal swabs. Additionally, this technology has been used to help increase laboratory safety during sample processing through efficient viral lysis. Herein, the many benefits of mechanical homogenization for COVID-19 detection will be discussed in the context of the many diagnostic workflows currently utilizing the technique.

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Changes in salivary flow rate, pH, and viscosity among working men and women

Cited by 18 publications

References 1 publication

Effect of saliva fluid properties on pathogen transmissibility

Effect of saliva fluid properties on pathogen transmissibility

Spectrophotometric Analysis of Streptococcus mutans Growth and Biofilm Formation in Saliva and Histatin-5 Relate to pH and Viscosity

The Utility of Mechanical Homogenization in COVID-19 Diagnostic Workflows

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