Changes in Skin Surface Temperature after a 10-minute Warm-up on a Bike Ergometer

Abstract

Introduction: Infrared thermography (IRT) is a non-invasive, non-contact procedure for skin surface temperature (SST) diagnostics and represents an effective, safe, and relatively cost-effective diagnosis tool for estimating the SST. While IRT has been established as a diagnosis tool in numerous medical areas of application, it is still in its initial stages as regards to sports science. We will therefore examine the extent to which IRT can be used for diagnosing the SST after a 10-minute warm-up phase. Method: 20 male sports students (23.0 ± 1.6 years; 75.8 ± 9.0 kg; 181.0 ± 6.8 cm) participated in this study. After a standardized preparation phase, the SST of the lower and upper extremities as well as the trunk was determined in a resting state. This was followed by a 10-minute warm-up phase on a bike ergometer set to 1.5 W/kg body weight and a cadence of 60-80 rpm. After the warm-up, the SST was determined again for the 1st to 10th minute of the post-strain phase. Results: The 10-minute warm-up resulted in a significant change in the SST over the time of measurement (P < 0.05; η 2 p = 0.16). Furthermore, a significant difference of the SST among the different areas of the body was identified (P < 0.05; η 2 p = 0.15). The interaction between the time and the area of measurement was also significant (P < 0.05; η 2 p = 0.16). The drop in SST from resting state to the first measurement after the 10minute warm-up phase was 1.16°C and 3.7% in the trunk musculature. The temperature of the arm musculature dropped by 0.59°C (1.9%), while the temperature of the leg musculature decreased by 1.12°C (3.6%). Ten minutes after the warm-up, the SST of legs and arms was back at the initial state before the strain, but the trunk SST was still 0.74°C (2.3%) lower. Discussion: IRT shows a characteristic SST progression after muscular warm-up. Different SSTs occur depending on the body area, which needs to be considered for standardized warm-ups on the bike ergometer.

Exploring surface electromyography (EMG) as a feedback variable for the human-in-the-loop optimization of lower limb wearable robotics

“…No temperature changes were noted by either the subjects or the experimental team. However, as was previously found (Fröhlich et al, 2015 ), increases in skin temperature during the Warmup could explain the identified reductions in MAV int .…”

Effects of Resistance Training on Skin Temperature and Its Relationship with Central Nervous System (CNS) Activation

“…A sample size calculation was initially performed with G*Power software (Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany). The effect size of exercise on skin temperature changes reported in the literature is large [ 23 , 24 ], considering an effect size of 0.4, a statistical power of 0.80, and three repeated measurements for the repeated measures ANOVA assessing the effects of resistance training on skin temperature, a minimum sample size of 12 was calculated. To account for any dropouts and other unforeseen shortcomings, 20 healthy and trained male volunteers aged 25.39 ± 8.21 years (height: 178.88 ± 8.37 cm; weight: 82.38 ± 6.80 kg; BMI: 25.76 ± 1.45) were recruited.…”