Changes in Solar Input, Water Temperature, Periphyton Accumulation, and Allochthonous Input and Storage after Canopy Removal along Two Small Salmon Streams in Southeast Alaska

Abstract

Changes in solar radiation, water temperature, periphyton accumulation, and allochthonous inputs and storage were measured after we removed patches of deciduous, second‐growth riparian vegetation bordering two small streams in southeast Alaska that produce coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch. Solar radiation and leaf litter input were measured at the water surface at random locations dispersed through six alternating closed‐ and open‐canopy stream sections. Water temperature, periphyton, and stored organic samples were collected near the downstream end of each section. Solar radiation intensity was measured with digital daylight integrators and pyronometers, periphyton biomass and chlorophyll a were measured on red clay tile substrates, allochthonous input was measured with leaf litter baskets, and benthic organic matter was measured with a Hess sampler. Average intensity of solar radiation that reached the water surface of open‐canopy sections was significantly higher than in closed‐canopy sections of two streams measured during daylight hours in summer 1988 and of one stream measured day and night in summer 1989. Average daily water temperature was similar in the two canopy types in summer 1988, but was higher in open‐ than in closed‐canopy sections in 1989. Accumulation of periphyton biomass was significantly higher in open‐ than in closed‐canopy sections of the two streams studied in the summer of 1988 and of the one stream sampled in 1989. Accrual of periphyton biomass on tiles placed in the stream for 30‐d colonization periods during the summer months of 1989 was also significantly higher in the open than closed sections. Accumulation of chlorophyll a was significantly higher in the open‐ than in closed‐canopy sections of the two streams in 1988 but did not differ significantly between canopy types in 1989. Thirty‐day accrual of chlorophyll a was greater in open‐ than in closed‐canopy sections of the one stream studied in 1989. Allochthonous input to the streams decreased after canopy removal, but the amount of organic material stored in the substrate did not differ significantly between open‐ and closed‐canopy sections. Weather was predominantly overcast and rainy in summer 1988 and mostly sunny with infrequent rain in 1989. We speculate that advective heat transfer and high stream discharge from frequent rains moderated the effect of canopy removal and increased solar radiation on water temperatures in open‐canopy stream sections in 1988. In 1989, solar radiation was a significant factor in regulating water temperature, especially when streamflows were low. Using a model, we predicted that water temperatures would change little in a 160‐m open‐canopy reach of Eleven Creek during any weather condition when flows were high. With low flows, however, stream temperatures in open sections of Eleven Creek were predicted to exceed the optimum for growth of juvenile coho salmon in about 20 m during clear sunny weather and in about 50 m when cloudy and overcast.

Rapid in-stream decomposition of leaves of common buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica), an invasive tree species

“…As leaf fall provides the most important source of potential energy for headwater stream ecosystems, alteration of leaf fall biomass, nutrient content or timing may have important ecological impacts. Meanwhile, alterations such as canopy reduction (Smock and McGregor 1988;Hetrick et al 1998;Hutchens and Benfield 2000), increases in canopy shading (Franken et al 2005;Benfield 2006;Minshall and Rugenski 2006) or an alteration of the timing of leaf shading (Benfield 2006;Minshall and Rugenski 2006) disrupt autochthonous pathways that are temporally important sources of energy, even in streams with dense riparian forests (Fausch et al 2002;Kiffney et al 2004).…”

The effects of riparian forest disturbance on stream temperature, sedimentation, and morphology

“…The boundaries of this interface are difficult to define, but the riparian zone can be thought of as a patchy area where the environmental variables are not as predictable or homogenous as its adjacent ecosystems (Naiman et al, 1988). This riparian interface regulates stream temperature (Hetrick et al, 1998;Moore et al, 2005), functions as a filter, buffer, and stabilizer (Keller & Swanson, 1979;Naiman & Decamps, 1997) and is the source of in-stream large woody debris (LWD). Forested headwater streams have particularly strong interactions with their riparian zones.…”

The environmental preferences of three species of Australian freshwater fish in relation to the effects of riparian degradation

“…Removal of riparian vegetation can degrade stream habitats by physical, chemical and structural means. Physical changes such as increased light and water temperature encourage the growth of instream macrophytes and algae (Edwards 1995;Bunn et al 1998;Hetrick et al 1998) and can result in an unpredictable thermal environment for instream species (Murphy et al 1986;Weatherly and Omerod 1990;Hetrick et al 1998). High turbidity, increased pollution, and siltation of riffles are consequences of increased surface runoff and bank erosion (Fennessy and Cronk 1997;Jones et al 1999;Dilworth 2001).…”