Changes in the chemical composition of apples during development, and near picking time

Wilkinson, B. G.; Perring, M. A.

doi:10.1002/jsfa.2740150303

Cited by 40 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 15 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…This lowering of starch content is consistent with previous data for apples22, 24 and bananas 5. Actually, the starch is often used to detect optimal harvest maturity,27 which was done also in this study.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 92%

Carbohydrate composition and content of organic acids in fresh and stored apples

Suni¹,

Nyman

Eriksson

et al. 2000

J. Sci. Food Agric.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The contents of low‐molecular‐weight carbohydrates (LMWC; sorbitol, glucose, fructose and sucrose), starch, dietary fibre and organic acids were determined in seven apple cultivars at the start and end of the consumption interval. The cultivars included were Summered, Aroma, Ingrid Marie, Cox Orange, Mutzu, Belle de Boskoop and Jonagold. The total content of LMWC ranged between 615 and 716 g kg−1 dry matter (DM). The dominating sugar was fructose, corresponding to on average 57% (range 48–62%) of the total LMWC. However, in Cox Orange the sucrose content was considerably higher and the fructose and sucrose contents constituted approximately 46% each. Total dietary fibre content was similar in the cultivars (total dietary fibre 160 ± 20 g kg−1 DM), except for Belle de Boskoop which had a higher content (203 g kg−1 DM). Mutzu had a lower proportion of soluble fibre (27% of total dietary fibre) compared with the others (mean 32%). The organic acid content was on average 80 ± 4 g kg−1 DM, except for two of the cultivars (Summered and Belle de Boskoop) which had a higher content (105 ± 6 g kg−1 DM). Interestingly, the organic acid content was only slightly reduced upon storage in the case of Belle de Boskoop, whereas there was a substantial decrease in all the other cultivars (p < 0.001). Sucrose (p < 0.01) and starch (p < 0.05) contents decreased in all cultivars following storage, whereas sorbitol (p < 0.05) and total dietary fibre (p < 0.05) contents increased. It is concluded that the observed differences in composition are of such magnitude that they may affect both nutritional and sensory properties. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry

show abstract

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 92%

Carbohydrate composition and content of organic acids in fresh and stored apples

Suni¹,

Nyman

Eriksson

et al. 2000

J. Sci. Food Agric.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Calcium is the only element where the relationship between tbe end of cell division and reduced movement into fruit has previously been discussed (Wilkinson & Perring, 1964;Wilkinson, 1968;Ferguson, 1980). There is little information concerning similar patterns of accumulation for elements like manganese and zinc since few longitudinal studies examining the elemental distribution and content in fruit over time bave been published (see reviews by Bollard, 1970 andMarschner, 1983).…”

Section: Table 4 Concentration Of Mineral Nutrients In Xylem Sap Fromentioning

confidence: 99%

Seasonal accumulation of mineral nutrients by kiwifruit 2. Fruit

Clark¹,

Smith²

1988

New Phytologist

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

S U M M A R ^•Changes in the concentration, distribution and quantity of macro-and micronutrients in the skin and flesh of fruit from 30 mature kiwifruit vines {Actiniciia delinosa var. delinosa cv. Hayward) were recorded over a growing season in two high-producing orchards.The concentration of copper, iron, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sulphur and zinc in the flesh (seeds inclusive) declined sharply during the first 8 weeks of growth, reaching values which remained relatively constant or declined only gradually, until harvest. For boron, calcium, magnesium and manganese flesh concentration.s declined steadily throughout the season.Concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the flesh were generally higher and those of calcium manganese and zinc consistently lower, than corresponding concentrations ,n skin over the entire maturation' period (23 weeks). Mesh concentrations of copper, iron, magnesium and sulphur exceeded those in the skin but only during the early stages of fruit development (up to 11 weeks after pollination). IJoron concentrations in flesh and skin were similar during the season.The quantity of all nutrients increased throughout the season to be at a maximum by harvest The rate of accumulation of each element was greatest during the f^rst 8 weeks of growth corresponding to the cell division phase of fruit development. There was 61-75 •;" of the total calcium, manganese and zinc content taken up during this time, compared with 37-54 "" of the content of other nutrients. In the subsequent 15 weeks of development rates f^or nutrient accumulation declined. In the case of boron, calcium, magnesium, manganese, potassium and zinc there was minimal accumulation in the final 6 weeks prior to harvest.A mass flow-vascular transport model based on carbon and water influxes was used to predict the relative importance of phloem and xylem supply, and to partition nutrient accumulated by fruit over two time intervals; 2-8, and 8-17 weeks ol growth. I'he model implies that where transpiration rates and phloem carbon concentrations are both high (i.e. approx. 6 ml water fruit ' day ' early ,n the season or 2 ml water mid season, and > lOOmgCml ), transport of nutrients occurs primarily via phloem. The only exceptions under these conditions are calcium, manganese and zinc which are translocated preferentially in xylem.

show abstract

“…The same principle was used by Beer et al 4 It has been shown, however, that when p-hydroxybenzyl isothiocyanate is treated with alkali it is rapidly and quantitatively split to p-hydroxybenzylalcohol and thiocyanate ion. [6][7] Scharrer et a1. 8 and Ettlinger & Thompson9 determined the thiocyanate ion released from p-hydroxybenzyl isothiocyanate by treatment with alkali.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mineral composition of apples. VII.—The relationship between fruit composition and some storage disorders

Perring

1968

J Sci Food Agric

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

There is evidence that the incidence of each of three storage disorders of Cox's Orange Pippin apples (senescent breakdown, low‐temperature breakdown and bitter pit) is affected by the mineral composition of the fruit. These effects have been studied by comparing initial average compositions of bulk samples with the storage behaviour of bulk replicates and by experiments with individual apples in which apples were analysed after their storage record was known. It is suggested that if the Ca level in an apple is less than 3 mg/100 g fresh weight it will be liable to senescent breakdown at an early stage of storage. A P concentration of less than 8 mg/100 g may have the same result even if the Ca level is high. Low‐temperature breakdown is less likely in apples with high levels of K, P and Mg than in apples with low levels of these elements. The results confirm that low average Ca concentration is associated with bitter pit. It is suggested that if the average Ca concentration exceeds 5 mg/100 g fresh weight the sample will probably be free from this disorder. The relationship between Ca and bitter pit in apples stored individually was not clearly defined.

show abstract

Changes in the chemical composition of apples during development, and near picking time

Cited by 40 publications

References 15 publications

Carbohydrate composition and content of organic acids in fresh and stored apples

Carbohydrate composition and content of organic acids in fresh and stored apples

Seasonal accumulation of mineral nutrients by kiwifruit 2. Fruit

Mineral composition of apples. VII.—The relationship between fruit composition and some storage disorders

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About