Changes in the electrical properties of the electrode–skin–underlying tissue composite during a week-long programme of neuromuscular electrical stimulation

Birlea, Sinziana I.; Breen, Paul P.; Corley, Gavin J.; Bîrlea, Nicolae Marius; Quondamatteo, Fabio; ÓLaighin, Gearóid

doi:10.1088/0967-3334/35/2/231

Cited by 29 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 62 publications

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“…On the other hand, to further analyze the difference in impedance of the different electrode–conductive gel combinations, the impedance spectra were parameterized using a simplified Cole system electrical equivalent model [51–53], as shown in Fig. 9.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimal combination of electrodes and conductive gels for brain electrical impedance tomography

Yang

Ding

et al. 2018

BioMed Eng OnLine

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BackgroundElectrical impedance tomography (EIT) is an emerging imaging technology that has been used to monitor brain injury and detect acute stroke. The time and frequency properties of electrode–skin contact impedance are important for brain EIT because brain EIT measurement is performed over a long period when used to monitor brain injury, and is carried out across a wide range of frequencies when used to detect stroke. To our knowledge, no study has simultaneously investigated the time and frequency properties of both electrode and conductive gel for brain EIT.MethodsIn this study, the contact impedance of 16 combinations consisting of 4 kinds of clinical electrode and five types of commonly used conductive gel was measured on ten volunteers’ scalp for a period of 1 h at frequencies from 100 Hz to 1 MHz using the two-electrode method. And then the performance of each combination was systematically evaluated in terms of the magnitude of contact impedance, and changes in contact impedance with time and frequency.ResultsResults showed that combination of Ag+/Ag+Cl− powder electrode and low viscosity conductive gel performed best overall (Ten 20® in this study); it had a relatively low magnitude of contact impedance and superior performance regarding contact impedance with time (p < 0.05) and frequency (p < 0.05).ConclusionsExperimental results indicates that the combination of Ag+/Ag+Cl− powder electrode and low viscosity conductive gel may be the best choice for brain EIT.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimal combination of electrodes and conductive gels for brain electrical impedance tomography

Yang

Ding

et al. 2018

BioMed Eng OnLine

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“…2c-iii), which is of great advantage, ensuring stable, safe generation of the transdermal EOF. Figure 2d shows the equivalent circuit of the DC conduction system of PMN and skin 49 . The large resistance of the stratum corneum in the MΩ range determines the net resistance of the intact skin.…”

Section: Preparation and Characterization Of Porous Microneedles (Pmn)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Transdermal electroosmotic flow generated by a porous microneedle array patch

et al. 2021

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A microneedle array is an attractive option for a minimally invasive means to break through the skin barrier for efficient transdermal drug delivery. Here, we report the applications of solid polymer-based ion-conductive porous microneedles (PMN) containing interconnected micropores for improving iontophoresis, which is a technique of enhancing transdermal molecular transport by a direct current through the skin. The PMN modified with a charged hydrogel brings three innovative advantages in iontophoresis at once: (1) lowering the transdermal resistance by low-invasive puncture of the highly resistive stratum corneum, (2) transporting of larger molecules through the interconnected micropores, and (3) generating electroosmotic flow (EOF). In particular, the PMN-generated EOF greatly enhances the transdermal molecular penetration or extraction, similarly to the flow induced by external pressure. The enhanced efficiencies of the EOF-assisted delivery of a model drug (dextran) and of the extraction of glucose are demonstrated using a pig skin sample. Furthermore, the powering of the PMN-based transdermal EOF system by a built-in enzymatic biobattery (fructose / O2 battery) is also demonstrated as a possible totally organic iontophoresis patch.

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“…However, transcutaneous muscle stimulation has multiple practical limitations. Specifically, the skin offers a high resistance compared to muscle tissue (Bîrlea et al, 2014). For this reason, higher stimulation currents (>30 mA) are required to achieve desired motor responses using surface stimulation (Triolo et al, 2001; Lujan and Crago, 2009).…”

Section: Electrically Evoked Muscle Activationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Restoration of motor function following spinal cord injury via optimal control of intraspinal microstimulation: toward a next generation closed-loop neural prosthesis

et al. 2014

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Movement is planned and coordinated by the brain and carried out by contracting muscles acting on specific joints. Motor commands initiated in the brain travel through descending pathways in the spinal cord to effector motor neurons before reaching target muscles. Damage to these pathways by spinal cord injury (SCI) can result in paralysis below the injury level. However, the planning and coordination centers of the brain, as well as peripheral nerves and the muscles that they act upon, remain functional. Neuroprosthetic devices can restore motor function following SCI by direct electrical stimulation of the neuromuscular system. Unfortunately, conventional neuroprosthetic techniques are limited by a myriad of factors that include, but are not limited to, a lack of characterization of non-linear input/output system dynamics, mechanical coupling, limited number of degrees of freedom, high power consumption, large device size, and rapid onset of muscle fatigue. Wireless multi-channel closed-loop neuroprostheses that integrate command signals from the brain with sensor-based feedback from the environment and the system's state offer the possibility of increasing device performance, ultimately improving quality of life for people with SCI. In this manuscript, we review neuroprosthetic technology for improving functional restoration following SCI and describe brain-machine interfaces suitable for control of neuroprosthetic systems with multiple degrees of freedom. Additionally, we discuss novel stimulation paradigms that can improve synergy with higher planning centers and improve fatigue-resistant activation of paralyzed muscles. In the near future, integration of these technologies will provide SCI survivors with versatile closed-loop neuroprosthetic systems for restoring function to paralyzed muscles.

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Changes in the electrical properties of the electrode–skin–underlying tissue composite during a week-long programme of neuromuscular electrical stimulation

Cited by 29 publications

References 62 publications

Optimal combination of electrodes and conductive gels for brain electrical impedance tomography

Optimal combination of electrodes and conductive gels for brain electrical impedance tomography

Transdermal electroosmotic flow generated by a porous microneedle array patch

Restoration of motor function following spinal cord injury via optimal control of intraspinal microstimulation: toward a next generation closed-loop neural prosthesis

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