Changes of olfactory performance during the process of aging – Psychophysical testing and its relevance in the fight against malnutrition

Gunzer, Wolfgang

doi:10.1007/s12603-017-0873-8

Cited by 15 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 66 publications

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“…There was also no difference in gender among olfactory function categories, which can be contributed to the gender-specific cutoffs for these groups. When using the Mann-Whitney U test to assess the difference in continuous UPSIT-score between men and women, women had higher UPSIT scores (p=0.013), consistent with literature (14, 20, 34, 35).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

“…With the modulation of central appetite regulation by nicotine, the relative influence of olfactory function on appetite and food intake could become more prominent in smokers than non-smokers. Additionally, our smokers had lower median [IQR] UPSIT-scores than our non-smokers (31 (28–34) versus 33 (31–35), respectively (p-value < 0.001)). The more severe olfactory dysfunction in smokers is likely to affect nutritional status to a greater extent than the milder olfactory dysfunction in non-smokers.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 67%

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The Association of Olfactory Function with BMI, Appetite, and Prospective Weight Change in Dutch Community-Dwelling Older Adults

Fluitman

Nadar

Roos

et al. 2019

The Journal of nutrition, health and aging

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ObjectivesThe olfactory decline that often accompanies aging is thought to contribute to undernutrition in older adults. It is believed to negatively affect eating pleasure, appetite, food intake and subsequently nutritional status. We have evaluated the associations of olfactory function with BMI, appetite and prospective weight change in a cohort of Dutch community-dwelling older adults.DesignCross-sectional cohort study.ParticipantsDutch community-dwelling older adults from the ongoing Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam (LASA).Measurements and settingIn 2012–2013, the 40-item University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT) was administered to 824 LASA participants to evaluate their olfactory function. Body weight, height, appetite, comorbidity, cognitive status and socio-demographic factors were also assessed. Follow-up weight was measured after three years.Results673 participants (aged 55–65 years) were included in the regression analyses. Median UPSIT-score was 33. When adjusted for potential confounders, lower UPSIT-score (indicative of poorer olfactory function) was not associated with poor appetite (OR = 1.062, p = 0.137) or prospective weight change (B = −0.027, p = 0.548). It was, however, associated with lower BMI in smokers (B = 0.178, p = 0.032), but not in non-smokers (B = −0.015, p = 0.732).ConclusionLower olfactory function scores were associated with lower BMI in community-dwelling older adults who smoke, but not with appetite or prospective weight change. Therefore, smoking older adults with olfactory impairments may pose as a vulnerable group with respect to developing undernutrition.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 67%

The Association of Olfactory Function with BMI, Appetite, and Prospective Weight Change in Dutch Community-Dwelling Older Adults

Fluitman

Nadar

Roos

et al. 2019

The Journal of nutrition, health and aging

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“…It was shown that older women with OI had poorer diet quality over 5 years (Gopinath et al, 2016) and that a population of older United States female and male adults displayed low body mass index (BMI) (Dong et al, 2017). Still, there remain controversies in the literature regarding the association between malnutrition and OI in geriatric patients (Gunzer, 2017). Similarly, the relationship between OI and obesity yield contradictory results, some studies demonstrating a correlation (mainly through increased threshold detection of odors (Richardson et al, 2004;Palouzier-Paulignan et al, 2012), while others did not (Gouveri et al, 2014).…”

Section: Effects Of Olfactory Loss On Eating Behavior Danger Warningmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Second, age-related alteration of physiological processes and structural changes within the nose, olfactory epithelium, olfactory bulb and higher brain regions seem to contribute greatly to this deterioration (Cerf-Ducastel and Murphy, 2009;Doty and Kamath, 2014;Attems et al, 2015;Gunzer, 2017;Doty, 2018;Marin et al, 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanisms Linking Olfactory Impairment and Risk of Mortality

et al. 2020

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Olfaction is a sense involved in a complex set of tasks, influencing eating behavior, increasing awareness of environmental hazards and affecting social communication. Surprisingly, smell disorders are very frequent, especially in the elderly population. Several recent studies conducted mostly in older subjects have demonstrated a strong association between olfactory impairment and overall mortality risk, with anosmia being even more predictive of 5 years mortality risk than cardiovascular disease. Presently, the underlying pathophysiology linking olfactory impairment to mortality remains unknown and only putative mechanisms are suggested. This review aims to examine the link between olfactory impairment and mortality and to discuss existing ideas on underlying existing mechanisms including, (1) the effect of olfactory loss on nutrition, life-threatening situations and social interactions, (2) associated neurodegenerative diseases, (3) accelerated brain aging, and (4) reflection of general health status being reflected in olfactory function.

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“…This deterioration of the sense of smell can affect diet differently in each person. For example, there may be a decrease in the feeling of hunger, a lower quality energy intake, or even a lower protein consumption which could increase the loss of autonomy [10,11]. In addition, there are also relations between loss of smell and social isolation [11][12][13], reduced cognitive functions [11,[14][15][16][17][18], fragile mental health [11,19], and nutritional problems [10,11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Physical Activity on Olfactory Acuity: A Systematic Review

Cournoyer

Gauthier

Maldera

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Olfactory acuity, which includes detection thresholds, identification and appreciation/intensity, seems to decline with aging, obesity, and various neurological disorders. Knowing that the sense of smell influences energy intake, the interest in protecting this sense is constantly increasing. Physical activity might be a key intervention to counteract the loss of olfactory function. This systematic review aims to explore the literature on the effect of physical activity on olfactory acuity. The search strategy consisted of using index terms and keywords in MEDLINE, EMBASE, EBM Reviews - Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science search engine. Data from 17 studies that include 10 861 participants revealed that physical activity has improved olfactory thresholds, identification, and intensity. More precisely, chronic physical activity seemed to have better effects on olfactory components than acute practice. Even though this review clarified evidence about the effect of physical activity on the sense of smell, better methodological consistency is needed across studies such as standardized experimental conditions, the time of the day data are collected, and similar relative energy intake between participants to produce more robust results.

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Changes of olfactory performance during the process of aging – Psychophysical testing and its relevance in the fight against malnutrition

Cited by 15 publications

References 66 publications

The Association of Olfactory Function with BMI, Appetite, and Prospective Weight Change in Dutch Community-Dwelling Older Adults

The Association of Olfactory Function with BMI, Appetite, and Prospective Weight Change in Dutch Community-Dwelling Older Adults

Mechanisms Linking Olfactory Impairment and Risk of Mortality

Effect of Physical Activity on Olfactory Acuity: A Systematic Review

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