The Association of Olfactory Function with BMI, Appetite, and Prospective Weight Change in Dutch Community-Dwelling Older Adults

Fluitman, Kristina S.; Nadar, H. J.; Roos, Dareia S.; Berendse, Henk W.; Keijser, Bart J. F.; Nieuwdorp, Max; IJzerman, Richard G.; Visser, Marjolein

doi:10.1007/s12603-019-1241-7

Cited by 18 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…In our multivariate models, however, significance was lost after correction for multiple testing. Finally, in a previous study, we hypothesized that perceiving an odor (i.e., odor threshold function) is more important for food-related behavior and appetite than being able to identify it ( 12 ). On first glance, this hypothesis did not hold true because poor threshold score was not associated with any of our outcomes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…An identification score ≤9, discrimination score ≤7, threshold score ≤2.5, or TDI score ≤19.5 were considered poor smell, indicating hyposmia ( 39 ). Only the smell identification test was performed in all visits and therefore used as our overall measurement for olfactory function, which is common practice ( 8 , 12–14 , 17 , 18 ). The additional odor discrimination and threshold tests were not performed in all visits because some participants thought them too burdensome or time-consuming.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The inconsistency in the literature on sensory impairments and nutrition is likely due to the wide range in study methods, study populations, sensory assessments, and outcome measures across studies. Moreover, a discrepancy between self-reported and observed sensory impairments exists ( 10 , 12 , 17 , 18 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Poor Taste and Smell Are Associated with Poor Appetite, Macronutrient Intake, and Dietary Quality but Not with Undernutrition in Older Adults

Fluitman

Hesp

Kaihatu

et al. 2021

The Journal of Nutrition

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Background Age-related declines in taste and smell function are widely assumed to contribute to the decrease in appetite and the development of undernutrition in older adults. Objectives Here we aim to assess the associations of both taste and smell function with several nutrition-related outcomes in a single study, with poor appetite and undernutrition as primary outcomes. Methods This is a cross-sectional cohort study of 359 community-dwelling Dutch older adults, aged 65–93 y. Taste function was measured for all 5 basic tastes. Smell function was assessed with 3 tests: for odor identification, discrimination, and threshold. Self-reported taste and smell, appetite, energy (kcal/d) and macronutrient (% energy) intake, and covariates were assessed with extensive questionnaires. Dietary quality was calculated using the Dutch Healthy Diet index 2015, Alternative Healthy Eating Index 2010, and Mediterranean Diet Score. Body measurements included body weight (current and 2 y prior), height, and body impedance analysis. Data were analyzed via multiple logistic and linear regression. Results Of our sample, 9.2% had poor taste and 17.0% poor smell, 6.1% had poor appetite, and 21.4% were undernourished. Self-reported poor taste (OR: 8.44; 95% CI: 1.56, 45.56; P = 0.013) was associated with poor appetite, but no other taste or smell score was associated with either poor appetite or undernutrition. Some associations were found of individual taste and smell scores with macronutrient intake and dietary quality. Self-reported poor taste and smell were both consistently associated with poorer dietary quality. Conclusions In community-dwelling older adults, specific taste and smell impairments may have diverse consequences for appetite, food intake, or dietary quality. However, this does not necessarily result in undernutrition. The consistent associations of self-reported poor taste and smell with poor dietary quality do underline the usefulness of this information when screening for nutritional risk.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Poor Taste and Smell Are Associated with Poor Appetite, Macronutrient Intake, and Dietary Quality but Not with Undernutrition in Older Adults

Fluitman

Hesp

Kaihatu

et al. 2021

The Journal of Nutrition

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“…Few data are available regarding the contribution of NMSs and motor symptoms on weight change. In healthy controls the olfactory deficit, that often occurs in older age, is associated with weight loss and malnutrition [12] and a significant correlation between body mass index (BMI) and olfactory…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Olfactory and Gustatory Dysfunction and Motor Symptoms on Body Weight in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease

et al. 2020

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Background: Non-motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease (PD) are often associated with a negative impact on the patients' quality of life and on their weight regulation. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of olfactory and gustatory dysfunction, apathy, fatigue, depression, and motor symptoms on weight regulation in PD patients. Methods: We analyzed 112 participants, 63 PD patients (mean age ± SD: 69.2 ± 10.1), and 49 controls (mean age ± SD: 68 ± 9.6). For each participant we collected age, weight, height, BMI, olfactory and gustatory function, cognitive performance, apathy and fatigue. Results: Our data showed that 61.9% (n = 39) of PD patients had hyposmia, while 38.1% (n = 24) had anosmia. In PD patients, we observed a significant effect of Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS), apathy, odor threshold, sweet perception and fatigue on weight regulation. Instead, there was no significant effect for depression and levodopa equivalent daily dosage (LEDD). Conclusion: Our results suggest that PD non-motor symptoms such as olfactory/gustatory deficits and mood disorders may influence body weight.Brain Sci. 2020, 10, 218 2 of 10 function has been observed [13,14]. Subjects with olfactory dysfunction typically show problems with food intake, reduced enjoyment in social life and become more prone to apathy and depression [15].The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of olfactory and gustatory dysfunction, apathy, fatigue, depression and motor symptoms on body weight in PD patients. Materials and Methods PatientsWe evaluated 112 participants (57 men and 55 women) in this study, 63 PD patients (mean age ± SD, 69.2 ± 10.1) and 49 healthy controls (mean age ± SD, 68 ± 9.6). In this study, 12 patients from our previous studies [16,17] were enrolled. Data collection started from September 2018 to October 2019 and further participants were recruited at the Movement Disorders Center of the University of Cagliari during regular out-patient follow-up examination. PD was diagnosed according to Gelb criteria [18] and United Kingdom Parkinson's Disease Society Brain Bank criteria [19].Controls were identified among relatives of non-Parkinsonian patients attending the out-patient department during the same period without evidence of any neurological disease. Exclusion criteria were atypical Parkinsonism, dementia, psychiatric conditions interfering with study participation, and chronic/acute rhinosinusitis. In order to evaluate weight differences between patients and controls all participants were divided into two age groups: 45-65 years (n = 44), and ≥ 66 years (n = 68).

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“…As people age, they undergo physiological changes that are reflected by decreases in total energy intake, compared with what is recommended, while consuming inappropriate amounts of macronutrients [4][5][6][13][14][15][16]. A lower calorie intake has been associated with lower consumption of protein, calcium, iron, zinc, B vitamins, and vitamin E and D, which can advance the aging process and other diseases [4,8,[17][18][19]. Many factors, such as education, socioeconomic factors, and marital status, may influence a decline in energy intake [6,13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Nutritional Education on the Diet and Nutritional Behaviors of Elderly Women at the University of the Third Age

Michalczyk

Zając

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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Background: The objective of this study was to evaluate the diet composition, body fat content, and physical activity (PA), considering blood lipid levels and insulin resistance markers, in elderly women who were well educated in nutrition and healthy lifestyle choices. Methods: A total of 106 postmenopausal women took part in the study. The study group included 62 students from the University of the Third Age (U3A); the control group (CG) included 44 females from the Silesia region. We evaluated their daily macro and micronutrient intake, levels of PA, percent of body fat (PBF), and the visceral fatty area (VFA). We also evaluated the lipid profile, insulin and glucose levels, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels. Results: Significant differences were observed in carbohydrate, protein, fiber, as well as vitamins and minerals consumption between the U3A group and the CG. There were no differences in the PBF and VFA between the groups. Furthermore, no differences were shown in the measured blood variables. The U3A group walked more than 11,000 steps a day and performed 46.15 min/day of PA with a moderate intensity of 3–6 metabolic equivalents of task (METs, min/week). Conclusions: Despite the fact that the U3A group were physically active females, well educated on healthy, balanced diets and had the motivation to learn about proper nutritional behaviors, they did not follow these recommendations in everyday life.

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The Association of Olfactory Function with BMI, Appetite, and Prospective Weight Change in Dutch Community-Dwelling Older Adults

Cited by 18 publications

References 37 publications

Poor Taste and Smell Are Associated with Poor Appetite, Macronutrient Intake, and Dietary Quality but Not with Undernutrition in Older Adults

Poor Taste and Smell Are Associated with Poor Appetite, Macronutrient Intake, and Dietary Quality but Not with Undernutrition in Older Adults

Effect of Olfactory and Gustatory Dysfunction and Motor Symptoms on Body Weight in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease

Influence of Nutritional Education on the Diet and Nutritional Behaviors of Elderly Women at the University of the Third Age

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