Changes of solar cell parameters during damp-heat exposure

Zhu, Jiang; Koehl, Michael; Hoffmann, Stephan; Berger, Karl; Zamini, Shokufeh; Bennett, I.J.; Gerritsen, E.; Malbranche, P.; Pugliatti, Paola Maria; Stefano, A. Di; Aleo, F.; Bertani, D.; Paletta, F.; Roca, F.; Graditi, Giorgio; Pellegrino, Michele; Zubillaga, Oihana; Iranzo, F. J. Cano; Pozza, A.; Sample, Tony; Gottschalg, Ralph

doi:10.1002/pip.2793

Cited by 65 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…The FTIR spectra of the outer surface of the backsheet of the modules exposed to ageing action moderate1 indicate that the additional irradiation initiated a beginning photo‐degradation of the backsheets PET surface (changes in the relative intensities and shift in the absorption maxima of the bands typical for the ester group at 1714, 1244, 1119, and 1098 cm −1 ) …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The colour measurements gave only minor changes (Δ E between 0 and 1) for all modules exposed to moderate2,3,4, and 5. The FTIR measurements of the backsheets on the backside of the modules revealed (Figure ) small but detectable changes in the maxima and broadness of the bands typical for the ester groups (1714, 1244, 1119, and 1098 cm −1 ) indicating an onset of degradation reactions and a change in the crystallinity of the PET …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Climate specific accelerated ageing tests and evaluation of ageing induced electrical, physical, and chemical changes

Eder

Voronko

Dimitriadis³

et al. 2018

Progress in Photovoltaics

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As the PV market shows enormous potential with huge growth rates especially in climatic‐sensible regions, specific artificial ageing test procedures are a key point for an efficient and fast product development of new PV modules/materials optimized for the use in specific climatic regions. Based on the definition of four climate profiles (dry and hot—arid, moderate, humid, and hot—tropical and high irradiation—alpine), a program was worked out with 14 climate specific test conditions for accelerated ageing tests. The big challenge in this respect was the adaption/advancement of existing standard procedures for PV modules/components testing in a way that reliable testing for certain climatic conditions optimized PV modules is possible. The time‐dependent repeated application of combined climatic and environmental stresses (temperature, temperature cycles, humidity, irradiation, mechanical load, salt mist) was used to induce performance losses, material degradation, and failures in test modules which resemble those effects occurring in real‐life PV installations under comparable climatic and environmental conditions. For this demanding task, a large number of identical test modules with respect to composition and module design was manufactured. A detailed nondestructive analysis/characterization of all modules was performed: (1) before; (2) during (six intermediate stages); and (3) after the accelerated ageing test. The nondestructive characterization methods used to follow the module's ageing processes throughout the whole accelerated ageing procedure were current‐voltage characteristics measurements and electroluminiscence images for the electrical performance evaluation and ultraviolet fluorescence (spectroscopic and imaging) measurements, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy as well as colour measurements of the backsheets outer layer for recording of chemical changes of the encapsulant and backsheet. The electrical and material characterization data were incorporated in an optimized database. As stated above, a set of three identical modules was exposed together in the respective climate specific ageing tests and subsequently characterized in order to increase statistical reliability of the measuring results. The analysis of the data and first approaches of advanced data treatment have already clearly shown that the electrical and material degradation of the test modules is dependent on (1) the type and combination, (2) duration, and (3) mode (sequential versus constant) of the stresses applied. On the one hand, the simulation of environmental stresses like heavy snow and wind load and enhanced frequency of temperature cycling resulting in cell cracks and cell connector breakage could be demonstrated. Additional treatment in salty atmosphere, on the other hand, did not show an accelerating effect on degradation on the electrical or material side. The accelerating effect of enhanced temperature, humidity, or additional irradiation on the degradation of power and materials could be shown very well. D...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Climate specific accelerated ageing tests and evaluation of ageing induced electrical, physical, and chemical changes

Eder

Voronko

Dimitriadis³

et al. 2018

Progress in Photovoltaics

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“…We do not discuss the initial degradation and yearly degradation rates of performance in this paper. The degradation of front contact characteristics, which leads to an increase in series resistance, [11][12][13][14] and potentialinduced degradation (PID), which leads to a decrease in shunt resistance, [15][16][17] significantly affect the module lifetime. In this paper, some aspects of mechanism analyses of these degradation modes are described and the comparative experimental test results of the samples fabricated using conventional technology or our technology are also described.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of highly efficient, long-term reliable crystalline silicon solar cells and modules by low-cost mass production

Irie¹,

Tanabe²,

Atobe³

et al. 2018

Jpn. J. Appl. Phys.

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To reduce photovoltaic (PV) power generation costs, the reduction of PV module manufacturing costs, the improvement of cell and module efficiencies, and the long-term output power warranty of PV modules are necessary. Using the high-quality, low-cost crystal growth technology, we developed a high-quality casting process by the seed-cast method. Using a seed-cast wafer, an efficiency of 20.54% has been obtained with passivated emitter and rear cells (PERCs). The ohmic contact degradation of front electrodes and potential-induced degradation are the typical modes that significantly affect the module lifetime. Considering the field stresses induced by ultraviolet light, heat and humidity (H&H), and the electrical potential difference, sequentially combined stress tests of small modules and additional stress tests of field-aged modules are performed. The test results for the modules fabricated using our technology indicated that the modules have a sufficiently long lifetime of more than 30 years and are potential-induced degradation (PID)-free under these stresses in Japanese domestic environments.

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“…With the comparison analysis of extracted diode model parameters presented in Ref. 3, the equivalent series resistances for all mini-modules over TC test are evaluated.…”

Section: Correlation Of Thermomechanical Fatigue Accumulation and Sermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The PV module degradation is dependent on the operation environment, module design and material selection. 1) Various degradation and failure mechanisms are reported for modules under artificial ageing, [2][3][4] and in real operation in different climate zones, [5][6][7][8][9][10][11] or after different years of operating. [12][13][14][15][16][17] PV module solder joint failure is a common failure mechanism that is widely observed in the field.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of viscoelasticity of ethylene vinyl acetate encapsulants on photovoltaic module solder joint degradation due to thermomechanical fatigue

Zhu¹,

Owen‐Bellini²,

Montiel-Chicharro³

et al. 2018

Jpn. J. Appl. Phys.

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The solder joint degradation due to thermomechanical fatigue is investigated in this paper for photovoltaic (PV) mini-modules with ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) of different viscoelastic properties. The mini-modules were laminated at different curing temperatures in order to obtain EVA encapsulation with different viscoelastic properties. The influence of viscoelasticity of EVA on the thermomechanical fatigue generated on solder joint is analyzed based on a two-dimensional (2D) finite-element model. Based on simulation of thermomechanical stresses accumulation, minimodules with EVA cured at lower temperatures accumulated approximately 40% more stresses during the thermal cycle testing than mini-modules with optimal cured EVA. The tested mini-modules with EVA cured at lower temperature showed greater power degradation than the optimal cured mini-modules. An apparent increase in equivalent series resistance is the primary factor the power loss. A good correlation between the accumulated thermomechanical fatigue and the increase in equivalent series resistance is demonstrated with the tested samples.

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Changes of solar cell parameters during damp-heat exposure

Cited by 65 publications

References 27 publications

Climate specific accelerated ageing tests and evaluation of ageing induced electrical, physical, and chemical changes

Climate specific accelerated ageing tests and evaluation of ageing induced electrical, physical, and chemical changes

Development of highly efficient, long-term reliable crystalline silicon solar cells and modules by low-cost mass production

Effect of viscoelasticity of ethylene vinyl acetate encapsulants on photovoltaic module solder joint degradation due to thermomechanical fatigue

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