Changing Characteristics of Children With COVID-19 in Colorado Admitted During Different Variant Periods

Abstract

Background: Data are lacking on the impact of different severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 variants in children and on pediatric vaccine effectiveness. We examined differences among children requiring hospital admission associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) during wild type, Delta and Omicron variant periods and calculated vaccine effectiveness at preventing symptomatic hospitalization during the Delta and Omicron variant periods. Methods: We conducted a retrospective review of children younger than 21 years of age hospitalized with symptomatic COVID-19. Characteristics were compared between variant periods using Kruskal–Wallis or generalized Fisher exact tests. We estimated vaccine effectiveness in preventing symptomatic hospitalization. Results: We included 115 children admitted during the wild type period, 194 during Delta and 226 during the Omicron periods. Median age (years) decreased (12.2 wild type, 5.9 Delta, 1.3 Omicron periods, P < 0.0001) over time. Children were less likely to have a comorbid condition, including diabetes or obesity, and had shorter admissions during Omicron compared with the wild type and Delta periods. Intensive care unit admissions and respiratory support requirements were highest during the Delta period (P = 0.05). Among children ≥12 years, adjusted vaccine effectiveness at preventing symptomatic hospitalization was 86% during Delta and 45% during Omicron periods. Conclusion(s): Children hospitalized with COVID-19 during later variant periods were younger and less likely to have comorbidities. Children admitted during the Delta variant period required more intensive care and respiratory support compared to other variant periods. Vaccination was less effective at preventing symptomatic hospital admission during the Omicron period compared to the Delta period.

Differences in the Clinical Manifestations and Host Immune Responses to SARS-CoV-2 Variants in Children Compared to Adults

“…More upper rather than lower respiratory tract diseases, including bronchiolitis and laryngotracheobronchitis (croup), were described with Omicron. Loss of taste, which was relatively uncommon in children compared to adults in the earlier waves, was almost never reported with Omicron [ 5 , 6 , 7 ]. A single-center study from New York reported an increase in the proportion of pediatric patients hospitalized with croup from 1.1% pre-Omicron to 6.6% during the Omicron wave [ 8 ].…”