Changing Host Plants Causes Structural Differences in the Parasitoid Complex of the Monophagous Moth Yponomeuta evonymella, but Does Not Improve Survival Rate

Łukowski, Adrian; Janek, Wanda; Baraniak, E.; Walczak, Urszula; Karolewski, Piotr

doi:10.3390/insects10070197

Cited by 8 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…A recent study did not support the hypothesis that larval feeding of Y. evonymella on P. serotina solely is to avoid parasitoids and predators, and therefore did not appear to be associated with the enemy-free space hypothesis. Most likely, the main benefit for Y. evonymella is the expansion of its food base [52].…”

Section: The Small Ermine Moth (Yponomeuta Evonymellus L) and The Lementioning

confidence: 99%

The Status of Prunus padus L. (Bird Cherry) in Forest Communities throughout Europe and Asia

Nestby

2020

Forests

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Prunus padus L. (bird cherry) belongs to the Racemosa group in subgenus Padus in the genus Prunus L. It is a hardy invasive species, which makes it valuable for securing slopes, and for eco-design. It is a good solitary park tree with early flowering of white flowers in racemes, which have a pleasant smell. However, it may be attacked by cherry-oat aphid, and the small ermine moth, which may weave giant webs over the whole tree, which demonstrates the important role of P. padus in the food web of forest ecosystems. The species is in balance with these pests, other herbivores and diseases throughout Europe and Asia. Another threat is the competition against the invasive P. serotina, but it seems that P. padus is not strongly threatened, though they compete for the same habitats. Moreover, human interference of forest community ecology is probably the greatest threat. The tree is not only winter hardy; it can also survive hot summers and tolerate a wide variety of soil types. It may form dense thickets due to the regeneration of branches bent to the ground and basal shoots, and may be invasive. These characteristics are important in determining the ecological niche of P. padus, which involves the position of the species within an ecosystem, comprising both its habitat requirements and the functional role. It is also important that P. padus has effective dispersal of pollen and seeds. This, together with the previously noted characteristics and the fact that the tree can cope well with climate change, define it as a not threatened species. However, the ssp. borealis is threatened and national level monitoring is required. Prunus padus has been exploited by farmers and rural population, but is less used today. However, it is still used for making syrup, jam and liquor. Moreover, the wood is valuable for wood carving and making cabinets. All tissues are valuable as sources of powerful natural antioxidants. However, the interest in the P. padus fruit and other tissues is overshadowed by the interest in other wild species of edible and human health-related berries. Moreover, the tree is used in horticulture as an ornamental in gardens and parks, values that deserve a new focus.

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Section: The Small Ermine Moth (Yponomeuta Evonymellus L) and The Lementioning

confidence: 99%

The Status of Prunus padus L. (Bird Cherry) in Forest Communities throughout Europe and Asia

Nestby

2020

Forests

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“…Its expansion results from: (i) The popularity of black cherry as an admixture species; (ii) planned and extensive introduction to forests in the 20th century; (iii) high vigor, with rapid growth and development, intensive production of sprouts, abundant production and high viability of seeds and high seed germinability; (iv) vast spatial dispersal of seeds by endozoochory (via ingestion by vertebrate animals, mostly birds and mammals); (v) low habitat requirements and high tolerance of climatic conditions; (vi) absence of natural enemies, including pathogens, that would reduce viability and reproduction outside its natural range [ 7 ]. Black cherry can grow in soils that are extremely poor in minerals or in strongly anthropogenically modified habitats [ 8 ]. Mass-scale distribution of black cherry in the understorey limits growth and regeneration of native tree species.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Communities of Fungi in Black Cherry Stumps and Effects of Herbicide

Korzeniewicz

Baranowska

Kwaśna

et al. 2020

Plants

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So far, there have been no studies on fungal communities in Prunus serotina (black cherry) wood. Our objectives were to characterize fungal communities from P. serotina wood and to evaluate effects of glyphosate (Glifocyd 360 SL) used on P. serotina stumps on abundance, species richness and diversity of those communities. In August 2016, in the Podanin Forest District, stumps of black cherry trees left after felling were treated with the herbicide. Control stumps were treated with water. Wood discs were cut from the surface of the stumps in May and July–August 2017. Eight treatment combinations (2 herbicide treatments × 2 disc sizes × 2 sample times) were tested. Sub-samples were pooled and ground in an acryogenic mill. Environmental DNA was extracted with a Plant Genomic DNA Purification Kit. The ITS1, 5.8S rDNA region was used to identify fungal species, using primers ITS1FI2 5′-GAACCWGCGGARGGATCA-3′ and 5.8S 5′-CGCTGCGTT CTTCATCG-3′. The amplicons were sequenced using the Illumina system. The results were subjected to bioinformatic analysis. Sequences were compared with reference sequences from the NCBI database using the BLASTn 2.8.0 algorithm. Abundance of fungi was defined as the number of Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs), and diversity as the number of species in a sample. Differences between the number of OTUs and taxa were analyzed using the chi-squared test (χ2). Diversity in microbial communities was compared using diversity indices. A total of 54,644 OTUs were obtained. Culturable fungi produced 49,808 OTUs (91.15%), fungi not known from culture had 2571 OTUs (4.70%), non-fungal organisms had 1333 (2.44%) and organisms with no reference sequence in NCBI, 934 OTUs (1.71%). The total number of taxa ranged from 120 to 319. Fungi in stump wood were significantly more abundant in July–August than in May, in stumps >5 cm diameter than in stumps <5 cm diameter, in glyphosate-treated than in untreated stumps when sampled in May, and in untreated than in glyphosate-treated stumps when sampled in July–August. Species richness was significantly greater in July–August than in May, and in stumps >5 cm diameter than in stumps <5 cm diameter, either treated or untreated, depending on size. Herbicides can therefore affect the abundance and diversity of fungal communities in deciduous tree wood. The greater frequency of Ascomycota in herbicide-treated than in untreated stumps indicates their greater tolerance of glyphosate.

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“…Insects are the most species-rich group of animals and it is not surprising that they are prominent invasive species, both in terms of numbers and their impacts [1][2][3][4]. Invasive species cause various ecological [5,6], social [2,7,8], and, in particular, economic problems [9][10][11]. Alien insect pest invasions can have significant negative ecological and economical effects on forests due to the slow growth of trees and their defoliation by pests.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Survival and Recovery of the Pine-Tree Lappet Dendrolimus pini When Subjected to Simulated Starvation

Łukowski

Adamczyk

Karolewski

2020

Insects

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There are many reasons to study the survival and recovery of animals after starvation in simulated transport conditions or other passive dispersal methods. To do so, we chose Dendrolimus pini, an economically important pest of Scots pine with great potential in terms of passive dispersal outside its territory. In this work, we sought to answer the following questions: What is the maximum survival of different instar larvae after total starvation? Does access to dry tissues of the preferred host plant extend the lifespan of the larvae? Does the possibility of larvae recovery exist after starvation for various periods? We found that older larvae survived longer without food than younger larvae. Moreover, dry food did not extend the lifespan of the larvae. Our observations showed that insects were interested in food and tasted it at the beginning, but they did not feed on it for long. Furthermore, larvae recovery was indeed possible, and the time of starvation did not significantly affect this. We generally concluded that the D. pini larvae were characterized by the ability to survive without food for up to one month, which confirms that this species is able to survive long durations of transport to almost anywhere in the world.

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Changing Host Plants Causes Structural Differences in the Parasitoid Complex of the Monophagous Moth Yponomeuta evonymella, but Does Not Improve Survival Rate

Cited by 8 publications

References 52 publications

The Status of Prunus padus L. (Bird Cherry) in Forest Communities throughout Europe and Asia

The Status of Prunus padus L. (Bird Cherry) in Forest Communities throughout Europe and Asia

Communities of Fungi in Black Cherry Stumps and Effects of Herbicide

Survival and Recovery of the Pine-Tree Lappet Dendrolimus pini When Subjected to Simulated Starvation

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