Channel and Energy Modeling for Self-Contained Wireless Sensor Networks in Oil Reservoirs

Guo, Hongzhi; Sun, Zhi

doi:10.1109/twc.2013.031314.130835

Cited by 61 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Wireless underground sensor networks (WUSNs) are becoming ubiquitous in many areas including environment and infrastructure monitoring [24], [13], [26], border patrol [2], and precision agriculture [11]. Establishing robust wireless underground communication links between two underground nodes (UG2UG links) or an underground node and a node above the surface (UG2AG links) requires extensive knowledge of the underground (UG) channel characteristics.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pulses in the sand: Impulse response analysis of wireless underground channel

Salam

Vuran

Irmak

2016

IEEE INFOCOM 2016 - The 35th Annual IEEE International Conference on Computer Communications

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Abstract-Wireless underground sensor networks (WUSNs) are becoming ubiquitous in many areas and designing robust systems requires extensive understanding of the underground (UG) channel characteristics. In this paper, UG channel impulse response is modeled and validated via extensive experiments in indoor and field testbed settings. Three distinct types of soils are selected with sand and clay contents ranging from 13% to 86% and 3% to 32%, respectively. Impacts of changes in soil texture and soil moisture are investigated with more than 1,200 measurements in a novel UG testbed that allows flexibility in soil moisture control. Time domain characteristics of channel such as RMS delay spread, coherence bandwidth, and multipath power gain are analyzed. The analysis of the power delay profile validates the three main components of the UG channel: direct, reflected, and lateral waves. It is shown that RMS delay spread follows a log-normal distribution. The coherence bandwidth ranges between 650 kHz and 1.15M Hz for soil paths of up to 1m and decreases to 418 kHz for distances above 10m. Soil moisture is shown to affect RMS delay spread non-linearly, which provides opportunities for soil moisture-based dynamic adaptation techniques. The model and analysis paves the way for tailored solutions for data harvesting, UG sub-carrier communication, and UG beamforming.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pulses in the sand: Impulse response analysis of wireless underground channel

Salam

Vuran

Irmak

2016

IEEE INFOCOM 2016 - The 35th Annual IEEE International Conference on Computer Communications

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“…Wireless UG channel is the medium of communication in Internet of Underground Things (IOUT) [22], [24], which are being used in the area of precision agriculture [2], [4], [5], [8], [12], [22], [29], border monitoring [3], land slide monitoring, and pipeline monitoring [12], [27]. IOUT communications are based on both EM-wave propagation [31] and magnetic induction (MI) communications [28].…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Smart underground antenna arrays: A soil moisture adaptive beamforming approach

Salam

Vuran

2017

IEEE INFOCOM 2017 - IEEE Conference on Computer Communications

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Abstract-Current wireless underground (UG) communication techniques are limited by their achievable distance. In this paper, a novel framework for underground beamforming using adaptive antenna arrays is presented to extend communication distances for practical applications. Based on the analysis of propagation in wireless underground channel, a theoretical model is developed which uses soil moisture information to improve wireless underground communications performance. Array element in soil is analyzed empirically and impacts of soil type and soil moisture on return loss (RL) and resonant frequency are investigated. Accordingly, beam patterns are analyzed to communicate with underground and above ground devices. Depending on the incident angle, refraction from soil-air interface has adverse effects in the UG communications. It is shown that beam steering improves UG communications by providing a high-gain lateral wave. To this end, the angle, which enhances lateral wave, is shown to be a function of dielectric properties of the soil, soil moisture, and soil texture. Evaluations show that this critical angle varies from 0• to 16• and decreases with soil moisture. Accordingly, a soil moisture adaptive beamforming (SMABF) algorithm is developed for planar array structures and evaluated with different optimization approaches to improve UG communication performance.

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“…Moreover, the orientation of the coil inside a metamaterial shell can affect the system performance especially when two coils are perpendicular to each other. This problem can be solved by the tri-directional coil antenna [1] that mounts three concentric and orthogonal signal coils together in both the transmitter and receiver. As each of the three concentric coils covers one direction in the Cartesian coordinate, the entire 3D space is covered.…”

Section: B Modeling the Metamaterial-manipulated Em Field In Mmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hence, we only consider coaxially-placed coils in the following analysis. Detailed discussion on the MI tri-directional coil antennas can be found in [1], [29], [30].…”

Section: B Modeling the Metamaterial-manipulated Em Field In Mmentioning

confidence: 99%

<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\text{M}^2\text{I}$</tex-math></inline-formula>: Channel Modeling for Metamaterial-Enhanced Magnetic Induction Communications

Guo

Sun

et al. 2015

IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat.

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Magnetic Induction (MI) communication technique has shown great potentials in complex and RF-challenging environments, such as underground and underwater, due to its advantage over EM wave-based techniques in penetrating lossy medium. However, the transmission distance of MI techniques is limited since magnetic field attenuates very fast in the near field. To this end, this paper proposes Metamaterial-enhanced Magnetic Induction (M 2 I) communication mechanism, where a MI coil antenna is enclosed by a metamaterial shell that can enhance the magnetic fields around the MI transceivers. As a result, the M 2 I communication system can achieve tens of meters communication range by using pocket-sized antennas. In this paper, an analytical channel model is developed to explore the fundamentals of the M 2 I mechanism, in the aspects of communication range and channel capacity, and the susceptibility to various hostile and complex environments. The theoretical model is validated through the finite element simulation software, Comsol Multiphysics. Proof-of-concept experiments are also conducted to validate the feasibility of M 2 I. Index TermsMetamaterial-enhanced Magnetic Induction, Wireless Communications, RF-challenging Environments.I. Introduction Despite the presence of wireless connectivity in most terrestrial scenarios, there are still many hostile and complex environments that cannot be covered by existing wireless communication techniques, including underground, underwater, oil reservoirs, groundwater aquifers, nuclear plants, pipelines, tunnels, and concrete buildings. Wireless networks in such environments can enable important applications in environmental, industrial, homeland security, and military fields, such as monitoring and maintenance of groundwater and/or oil reservoirs [1], or damage assessment and mitigation in nuclear plants [2], among others. However, the harsh wireless channels prevent the direct usage of conventional electromagnetic (EM) wave-based techniques due to the high material absorption when penetrating lossy media.Among potential solutions, the Magnetic Induction (MI) technique has shown great potentials in underground [3] and underwater [4] environments. In a MI communication system, the HF band magnetic field generated by a MI transmitter coil is utilized as the signal carrier [5]. Since most natural media have the same magnetic permeability as air, MI keeps the same performance in most materials. Even in lossy media like groundwater, the MI path loss caused by skin depth can be minimized since MI communication is realized within one wavelength from the transmitter [6]. In addition, MI does not suffer from the multipath fading problem in EM wave-based solutions [4]. However, MI systems depend on the magnetic field generated by the transceivers in the near field, which attenuates very fast. Consequently, the range of MI communication is very limited.To this end, we introduce metamaterials to MI communications, which can manipulate and enhance the magnetic fields transmitted and...

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Channel and Energy Modeling for Self-Contained Wireless Sensor Networks in Oil Reservoirs

Cited by 61 publications

References 17 publications

Pulses in the sand: Impulse response analysis of wireless underground channel

Pulses in the sand: Impulse response analysis of wireless underground channel

Smart underground antenna arrays: A soil moisture adaptive beamforming approach

<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\text{M}^2\text{I}$</tex-math></inline-formula>: Channel Modeling for Metamaterial-Enhanced Magnetic Induction Communications

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