“…Meanwhile, experiments prove that QPSO outperforms the standard PSO and can be a very promising algorithm with its strong global convergence performance. Hence, QPSO has been applied to all kinds of¯elds, such as global optimization of electromagnetic devices, 9 design of IIR digital¯lters, 37 optimization of benchmark functions, 38 route planning, 11,12 load°ow problems, 8 nonlinear system of equations, 43 Financial forecasting, 2 medical image segmentation, 18 adaptive hybrid rule network. 21 Based on in-depth studies of the corresponding features of IWO and QPSO, this paper integrates both of their ideas, and proposes the quantum-behaved invasive weed optimization (QIWO) in order to overcome the defects, such as the strong likelihood of falling into local optimum easily and lower accuracy.…”