The paper considers two new integrable systems which go back to Chaplygin. The systems consist of a spherical shell that rolls on a plane; within the shell there is a ball or Lagrange's gyroscope. All necessary first integrals and an invariant measure are found. The solutions are shown to be expressed in terms of quadratures.MSC2010 numbers: 76M23, 34A05
INTRODUCTIONRecent advances in the design of controlled devices that use one or several balls for their propulsion (see, e.g., [3,4,[7][8][9][10][12][13][14]) has recently evoked an increasing interest in various models (in particular, non-holonomic ones) for rolling motion of spherical shells, including the case where some of the shells contain intricate mechanisms inside. The classical problem of rolling motion of a dynamically non-symmetric balanced Chaplygin ball has been sufficiently well investigated [11]. A newer version of it, namely the rolling of a Chaplygin's ball over a sphere, has recently been discussed in a number of papers [1, 5, 6].Here we consider two new integrable systems that trace back to Chaplygin. His paper [2] is essentially concerned with generalized conditions for the existence of integrals linear in velocities for mechanical systems that consist of several spheres. These conditions are even now far from being completely appreciated. Chaplygin discusses in detail two problems. The first of them deals with a system that consists of a spherical, geometrically and dynamically symmetric shell with a homogeneous ball rolling inside; the shell itself rolls without slipping on a horizontal plane (Fig. 1). Chaplygin established the integrability of this system by expressing the solutions in terms of quadratures. Although his method for obtaining quadratures is quite natural (and also applies to the problem of rolling of a body of revolution on a plane), we believe that in solving this problem Chaplygin committed a few inaccuracies which resulted in enormously complicated and hardly verifiable formulas. Besides, Chaplygin missed one of the additional first integrals. The complexity of the results seems to discourage Chaplygin himself. Indeed, for each newly obtained analytical solution he always pursued clarification of its dynamical and geometrical aspects, but not in that case! Here we present a new approach to this system, a complete set of first integrals and reduce the problem to quadratures.The second problem is concerned with rolling of a shell (with a spherical pendulum inside) on a plane. For this problem the equations of motion were integrated by Chaplygin. We show that a more general system which consists of a Lagrange's gyroscope placed inside a rolling sphere is also integrable. The equations can be integrated using some generalized versions of the Chaplygin vector integrals and two additional linear integrals.