Chapter 3. The Response of Mangroves to Man-Induced Environmental Stress

Odum, William E.; Johannes, RE

doi:10.1016/s0422-9894(08)71108-5

Cited by 46 publications

(29 citation statements)

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“…A granulometria do sedimento, provavelmente, não influenciou na estrutura da vegetação, pois as áreas com classificações texturais diferentes (S-1, arenoso e S-2, lama síltico-arenosa) apresentaram desenvolvimento estrutural semelhante. No entanto, o assoreamento verificado no sítio S-1 pode vir a comprometer a presença de manguezal na área, visto que elevadas taxas de sedimentação interferem na reciclagem dos nutrientes e no intercâmbio dos gases, em decorrência do entupimento das lenticelas de rizóforos e pneumatóforos (Odum & Johannes 1975). Em áreas assoreadas próximo ao Sítio 1, as plantas de mangue estão sendo substituídas por plantas de restinga, sendo a comunidade de praia constituída principalmente por espécies psamófila-reptantes.…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

Características estruturais de bosques de mangue do estuário do rio São Mateus, ES, Brasil

2005

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RESUMO -(Características estruturais de bosques de mangue do estuário do rio São Mateus, ES, Brasil Palavras-chave: manguezal, estrutura da vegetação, estuário do Rio São MateusABSTRACT -(Structural characteristics of the mangrove forests at São Mateus River Estuary, Espírito Santo State, Brazil). The structure of the mangrove forests at São Mateus River Estuary was analyzed using the plot method. Mangrove species at the estuary are Avicennia germinans (L.) Stearn., Avicennia schaueriana Stapft & Leechm., Laguncularia racemosa (L.) Gaertn., and Rhizophora mangle L. Structural analyzes were performed in four sites. In all stands, the DBH varied from 8.12 to 29.6 cm, average height from 5.4 to 12.0 m, the basal area from 7.21 to 31.1 m 2 .ha -1 , and the density from 450 a 1,450 ind.ha -1 . Sites under larger influence of the tides, presented smaller structural development and dominance of R. mangle. L. racemosa and A. germinans were dominant in sites with fresh water predominance. The results obtained demonstrated that mangrove which was studied presented a good structural development in relation to other mangroves located in the Espírito Santo State. Key words : mangrove, structure forest, São Mateus River Estuary IntroduçãoO manguezal é um ecossistema costeiro de transição entre os ambientes terrestre e marinho, característico de regiões tropicais e subtropicais e sujeito ao regime das marés. Ocorre em regiões costeiras abrigadas como estuários, baías e lagunas, e apresenta condições propícias para alimentação, proteção e reprodução para muitas espécies animais, sendo considerado importante transformador de nutrientes em matéria orgânica e gerador de bens e serviços (Schaeffer-Novelli 1995).Segundo Walsh (1974), o melhor grau de desenvolvimento do manguezal dependeria de cinco requisitos: (1) temperaturas tropicais, com temperatura média do mês mais frio superior a 20 ºC (entretanto, a amplitude térmica anual não deve exceder a 5 ºC); (2) substratos predominantemente lodosos, constituídos de silte e argila e alto teor de matéria orgânica; (3) áreas abrigadas, livres da ação de marés fortes; (4) presença de água salgada, pois as plantas de mangue são halófitas facultativas e dependem desse requisito para competir com as glicófitas que não toleram a salinidade; (5) elevada amplitude de marés.Ao longo da costa brasileira, os manguezais apresentam-se com características estruturais bastante distintas. Para auxiliar a interpretação das florestas de mangue brasileiras, Schaeffer-Novelli et al. (1990) dividiram o litoral do país em oito unidades fisiográficas, levando-se em consideração relevo, tipo de solo,

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Section: Discussionunclassified

Características estruturais de bosques de mangue do estuário do rio São Mateus, ES, Brasil

2005

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“…This has been causing erosion problems on the beach of Conceição da Barra, located on the left margin, and erosion and burial of the mangrove on the right margin of the river (vale, 1999), that promotes tree fall of live individuals and apical death of mangrove plants in this area. High rates of sedimentation cause the mortality of mangrove trees, since this interferes with nutrient recycling and exchange of gases, due to the coverage of rhizophore's lenticels and pneumatophores (Odum and Johannes, 1975).…”

Section: Mangrove Species and Their Role In The Retention Of Environmmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial and temporal variation of the nutrients in the sediment and leaves of two Brazilian mangrove species and their role in the retention of environmental heavy metals

Bernini

Silva

Carmo

et al. 2010

Braz. J. Plant Physiol.

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Spatial and temporal variation of the nutrient concentrations in leaves and sediment between the roots of Laguncularia racemosa (L.) Gaertn. f and Rhizophora mangle L. was analyzed in the mangrove forest of the estuary of São Mateus River, Espírito Santo, Brazil. In leaves, the nutrients followed the sequence: N> Ca> K> Mg> S> P> Fe> Mn> Zn> Cu, and there were significant differences between species and sites studied. In general, the levels of K were higher in the dry season compared to the rainy season for both species analyzed while Ca and Cu showed higher concentrations in the rainy season for Laguncularia racemosa. In the sediment, the nutrients followed the sequence: Mg> Ca> Fe> K> Mn> P> Zn> Cu, in general, with lower concentrations at the site where the sediment was sandier. We observed a significant variation of nutrient concentrations in the sediment between the periods analyzed, but the seasonal pattern was not clear for all nutrients. Nutrient concentration profile found in leaves of both plant species was not correlated with concentrations found in the respective sediments. The concentration factor was less than 1.0 for Fe and between 1.0 and 3.7 for Mn, Zn and Cu. These results provide physiological evidences about the relevance of these tree species for the role of mangroves as biogeochemical barriers to the transit of heavy metals.Key words: Concentration factor, macronutrients, micronutrients, metals resuMo A variação espacial e temporal das concentrações de nutrientes das folhas e do sedimento entre as raízes de Laguncularia racemosa (L.) Gaertn. f. e Rhizophora mangle L. foi analisada no manguezal do estuário do Rio São Mateus, Espírito Santo, Brasil. No tecido foliar, os nutrientes seguiram a ordem: N > Ca > K > Mg > S > P > Fe > Mn > Zn > Cu, havendo diferença significativa entre espécies e sítios de estudo. Em geral, os teores de K foram mais elevados no período seco em relação ao período chuvoso, para ambas as espécies analisadas, enquanto que Ca e Cu exibiram maiores concentrações no período chuvoso, para Laguncularia racemosa.No sedimento, os nutrientes seguiram a ordem: Mg > Ca > Fe > K > Mn > P > Zn > Cu, em geral, com menores concentrações no sítio onde o sedimento foi mais arenoso. Registrou-se variação significativa das concentrações de nutrientes do sedimento entre os períodos analisados, mas o padrão sazonal não foi claro para todos nutrientes. Concentrações de nutrientes determinadas nas folhas de ambas as espécies não se correlacionaram com as concentrações dos respectivos sedimentos. O fator de concentração foi menor que 1,0 para Fe e entre 1,0 e 3,7 para Mn, Zn e Cu. Estes resultados fornecem evidências fisiológicas sobre a relevância destas espécies arbóreas para o papel dos manguezais como barreira biogeoquímica ao trânsito de metais pesados.palavras chave: fator de concentração, macronutrientes, micronutrientes, metais

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“…Most reports are based on qualitative records following oil spills in reef areas; they are often contradictory. Nonetheless, information is now increasing on the effects of oil pollution on algae in temperate and subtropical zones (see reviews by Odum and Johannes, 1975;Zieman, 1975;O'Brien and Dixon, 1976), and much of this is relevant to coral reefs.…”

Section: Reef Floramentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Oil Pollution on Coral Reef Communities

Loya¹,

Rinkevich²

1980

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

169

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This paper reviews our knowledge of 011-pollution effects on coral-reef communities, concentrating on research done since the last review on this subject by Johannes (1975). The review focusses on crude-oil effects on scleractinian corals and octocorals and summarizes the small amount of work conducted on other reef organisms, as well as on the reef flora. Until 1975 there appeared to be no conclusive evidence that oil floating above the reef damages the corals. Although conflicting reports continue to appear in the literature, growing evidence indicates a detrimental influence of oil pollution on coral-reef communities. Laboratory experiments and long-term field studies in the Red Sea witness detrimental effects of oil pollution on reef corals, such as complete lack of colonization by hermatypic corals in reef areas chronically polluted by oil, decrease in colony viability, damage to the reproductive system of corals (smaller number of breeding colonies, decrease in number of ovaria per polyp, fewer planulae per coral head and premature planulae shedding), lower life expectancy of planulae and abnormal behavioural responses of planulae and corals. Other detrimental effects on reef corals caused by crude oil, mainly reported from the Caribbean, include lower growth rates, direct damage to tissues, thinning of cell layers and disruption of cell structure. damage to tactile stimuli and normal feeding mechanisms, excessive mucus secretion leading to enhanced bacterial growth and eventual coral destruction. All investigators studying effects of crude-oil emulcifiers on reef areas polluted by oil conclude that these enhance the damage; hence mechanical oil removal is recommended. There IS urgent need for more field and laboratory research on long-term oil-pollution effects on coral-reef communities. Suggestions are made as to the type of studies required for a better understanding of the problem.

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Chapter 3. The Response of Mangroves to Man-Induced Environmental Stress

Cited by 46 publications

References 0 publications

Características estruturais de bosques de mangue do estuário do rio São Mateus, ES, Brasil

Características estruturais de bosques de mangue do estuário do rio São Mateus, ES, Brasil

Spatial and temporal variation of the nutrients in the sediment and leaves of two Brazilian mangrove species and their role in the retention of environmental heavy metals

Effects of Oil Pollution on Coral Reef Communities

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