CHAPTER 3. Understanding Hierarchy and Functions of Bone Using Scanning X‐ray Scattering Methods

Wagermaier, Wolfgang; Gourrier, Aurélien; Aichmayer, Barbara

doi:10.1039/9781849737555-00046

Cited by 12 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…1) Due to the highly localized volume imaged in TEM (~ 1 μm 2 field of view for 1.28 nm 2 spatial resolution), the relevance of this information is not really clear for a material as heterogeneous as bone in which the microstructural features are typically 100–200 μm in length. To overcome this limited field of view, we took advantage of the very high X-ray synchrotron flux which allows exploring large sample regions by scanning [ 47 ]. The information derived from the analysis is therefore statistically significant, in a biological sense, which is not the case with TEM.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Nanoscale modifications in the early heating stages of bone are heterogeneous at the microstructural scale

et al. 2017

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Nanoscale studies of bone provide key indicators to evidence subtle structural changes that may occur in the biomedical, forensic and archaeological contexts. One specific problem encountered in all those disciplines, for which the identification of nanostructural cues could prove useful, is to properly monitor the effect of heating on bone tissue. In particular, the mechanisms at work at the onset of heating are still relatively unclear. Using a multiscale approach combining Raman microspectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), synchrotron quantitative scanning small-angle X-ray scattering imaging (qsSAXSI) and polarized light (PL) microscopy, we investigate the ultrastructure of cortical bovine bone heated at temperatures < 300°C, from the molecular to the macroscopic scale. We show that, despite limited changes in crystal structure, the mineral nanoparticles increase in thickness and become strongly disorganized upon heating. Furthermore, while the nanostructure in distinct anatomical quadrants appears to be statistically different, our results demonstrate this stems from the tissue histology, i.e. from the high degree of heterogeneity of the microstructure induced by the complex cellular processes involved in bone tissue formation. From this study, we conclude that the analysis of bone samples based on the structure and organization of the mineral nanocrystals requires performing measurements at the histological level, which is an advantageous feature of qsSAXSI. This is a critical aspect that extends to a much broader range of questions relating to nanoscale investigations of bone, which could also be extended to other classes of nanostructured heterogeneous materials.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Similarly, d = T .2π/ β describes the typical inter particle distance between particles. In this way quantitative maps of the structural parameters of interest as a function of scan position can be reconstructed [ 44 – 47 ]. This procedure is referred to as quantitative scanning-SAXS imaging (qsSAXSI) in this manuscript.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanoscale modifications in the early heating stages of bone are heterogeneous at the microstructural scale

et al. 2017

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“…In bone samples, it can be used to analyze ultrastructural orientation and measurement of the size of mineral crystals and collagen arrangement (18,19). Specifically, particle size and its orientation can be determined (20) (Continued) TABLE 1 | Continued (WAXS)/WAXD works by similar principles like SAXS, however the distance from the sample to the collector is shorter, thus it records the wide angle diffracted x-ray signals. This method can be used in bone to investigate the crystal lattice and the size of hydroxyapatite crystals (19,20) Microindentation is a technique to measure the local biomechanical characteristics of a sample.…”

Section: Confocal Microscopymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Specifically, particle size and its orientation can be determined (20) (Continued) TABLE 1 | Continued (WAXS)/WAXD works by similar principles like SAXS, however the distance from the sample to the collector is shorter, thus it records the wide angle diffracted x-ray signals. This method can be used in bone to investigate the crystal lattice and the size of hydroxyapatite crystals (19,20) Microindentation is a technique to measure the local biomechanical characteristics of a sample. Here, not a single lamella of bone can be indented but a cluster of neighboring bone lamella, thus it represents a more averaged mechanical characterization on a larger micro-scale Nanoindentation is a technique to measure the hardness and Youngs's Modulus of small volumes of material.…”

Section: Confocal Microscopymentioning

confidence: 99%

A Clinical Perspective on Advanced Developments in Bone Biopsy Assessment in Rare Bone Disorders

et al. 2020

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Introduction: Bone biopsies have been obtained for many centuries and are one of the oldest known medical procedures in history. Despite the introduction of new noninvasive radiographic imaging techniques and genetic analyses, bone biopsies are still valuable in the diagnosis of bone diseases. Advanced techniques for the assessment of bone quality in bone biopsies, which have emerged during the last decades, allows in-depth tissue analyses beyond structural changes visible in bone histology. In this review, we give an overview of the application and advantages of the advanced techniques for the analysis of bone biopsies in the clinical setting of various rare metabolic bone diseases. Method: A systematic literature search on rare metabolic bone diseases and analyzing techniques of bone biopsies was performed in PubMed up to 2019 week 34. Results: Advanced techniques for the analysis of bone biopsies were described for rare metabolic bone disorders including Paget's disease of bone, osteogenesis imperfecta, fibrous dysplasia, Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva, PLS3 X-linked osteoporosis, Loeys-Diets syndrome, osteopetrosis, Erdheim-Chester disease, and Cherubism. A variety of advanced available analytical techniques were identified that may help to provide additional detail on cellular, structural, and compositional characteristics in rare bone diseases complementing classical histopathology. Discussion: To date, these techniques have only been used in research and not in daily clinical practice. Clinical application of bone quality assessment techniques depends upon several aspects such as availability of the technique in hospitals, the existence of reference data, and a cooperative network of researchers and clinicians. The evaluation of rare metabolic bone disorders requires a repertoire of different methods, owing to their distinct bone tissue characteristics. The broader use of bone material obtained from biopsies could provide much more information about pathophysiology or treatment options and establish bone biopsies as a valuable tool in rare metabolic bone diseases.

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“…To ultimately understand why and how an implant may loosen and fail, it is important to investigate the formation of the bone-implant interface and especially the adaptation of bone ultrastructure around an implant [21]. X-ray based scattering techniques, such as small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), are sensitive to the crystal structure and periodic arrangement of bone minerals, and can be used to retrieve information about mineral platelet orientation and thickness [22][23][24][25][26]. Mineral crystal thickness is closely linked to the variation in crystal volume [23] and relevant as it has been shown to increase during bone healing, when woven bone remodels into lamellar and/or cortical bone [24,26,27].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatio-temporal evolution of hydroxyapatite crystal thickness at the bone-implant interface

et al. 2020

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A better understanding of bone nanostructure around the bone-implant interface is essential to improve longevity of clinical implants and decrease failure risks. This study investigates the spatiotemporal evolution of mineral crystal thickness and plate orientation in newly formed bone around the surface of a metallic implant. Standardized coin-shaped titanium implants designed with a bone chamber were inserted into rabbit tibiae for 7 and 13 weeks. Scanning measurements with microfocused small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) were carried out on newly formed bone close to the implant and in control mature cortical bone. Mineral crystals were thinner close to the implant (1.8 ± 0.45 nm at 7 weeks and 2.4 ± 0.57 nm at 13 weeks) than in the control mature bone tissue (2.5 ± 0.21 nm at 7 weeks and 2.8 ± 0.35 nm at 13 weeks), with increasing thickness over healing time (+30 % in 6 weeks). These results are explained by younger bone close to the implant, which matures during osseointegration. Thinner mineral crystals parallel to the implant surface within the first 100 µm close to the implant indicate that the implant affects bone ultrastructure close to the implant, potentially due to heterogeneous interfacial stresses, and suggest a longer maturation process of bone tissue and difficulty in binding to the metal. The bone growth kinetics within the bone chamber was derived from the spatio-temporal evolution of bone tissue's nanostructure, coupled with microtomographic imaging. The findings indicate that understanding mineral crystal thickness or plate orientation can improve our knowledge of osseointegration.

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CHAPTER 3. Understanding Hierarchy and Functions of Bone Using Scanning X‐ray Scattering Methods

Abstract: X-ray scattering applied to the study of biological materials..

Cited by 12 publications

References 55 publications

Nanoscale modifications in the early heating stages of bone are heterogeneous at the microstructural scale

Nanoscale modifications in the early heating stages of bone are heterogeneous at the microstructural scale

A Clinical Perspective on Advanced Developments in Bone Biopsy Assessment in Rare Bone Disorders

Spatio-temporal evolution of hydroxyapatite crystal thickness at the bone-implant interface

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