Chapter 7 Development and Dual Processes in Moral Reasoning: A Fuzzy‐trace Theory Approach

Reyna, Valerie F.; Casillas, Wanda

doi:10.1016/s0079-7421(08)00407-6

Cited by 29 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 77 publications

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“…The kinds of data explained by this fuzzy-processing framework include recognition and recall (e.g., true and false memory, and effects of emotion, Brainerd, Holliday, Reyna, Yang, & Toglia, 2010; Brainerd & Reyna, 2005); comprehension and reasoning (e.g., transitive inference, pragmatic inference, moral reasoning, and metaphor comprehension; Reyna & Casillas, 2009; Reyna & Kiernan, 1994, 1995); probability judgment (e.g., conjunction and disjunction fallacies, base-rate neglect, hindsight bias, denominator neglect, and conversion errors in conditional probability judgment; Reyna & Adam, 2003; Wolfe & Reyna, 2010); and decision making (e.g., framing effects and preference reversals; Gonzalez, Dana, Koshino, & Just, 2005; Kuhberger & Tanner, 2010; Reyna, 2008; Reyna, Estrada, et al, in press;).…”

Section: The Fuzzy-processing Frameworkmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although we did not present evidence that cuing different values can produce different results for framing problems, others have shown this. For example, Wang (e.g., 2002) has shown that cuing values such as equity (e.g., everyone should have the same chance at life) increases choices of the gamble in the gain frame (see also Reyna & Brainerd, 1992; Reyna & Casillas, 2009; Wang, Simons, & Brédart, 2001). Numbers, which are essential to predictions of prospect theory and all other utility theories (expected utility theory, subjective expected utility theory, cumulative prospect theory, etc.…”

Section: Gist-based Intuition Explains Risky Decision Makingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dual processes in decision making and developmental neuroscience: A fuzzy-trace model

Reyna

Brainerd

2011

Developmental Review

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From Piaget to the present, traditional and dual-process theories have predicted improvement in reasoning from childhood to adulthood, and improvement has been observed. However, developmental reversals—that reasoning biases emerge with development —have also been observed in a growing list of paradigms. We explain how fuzzy-trace theory predicts both improvement and developmental reversals in reasoning and decision making. Drawing on research on logical and quantitative reasoning, as well as on risky decision making in the laboratory and in life, we illustrate how the same small set of theoretical principles apply to typical neurodevelopment, encompassing childhood, adolescence, and adulthood, and to neurological conditions such as autism and Alzheimer's disease. For example, framing effects—that risk preferences shift when the same decisions are phrases in terms of gains versus losses—emerge in early adolescence as gist-based intuition develops. In autistic individuals, who rely less on gist-based intuition and more on verbatim-based analysis, framing biases are attenuated (i.e., they outperform typically developing control subjects). In adults, simple manipulations based on fuzzy-trace theory can make framing effects appear and disappear depending on whether gist-based intuition or verbatim-based analysis is induced. These theoretical principles are summarized and integrated in a new mathematical model that specifies how dual modes of reasoning combine to produce predictable variability in performance. In particular, we show how the most popular and extensively studied model of decision making—prospect theory—can be derived from fuzzy-trace theory by combining analytical (verbatim-based) and intuitive (gist-based) processes.

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Section: The Fuzzy-processing Frameworkmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Gist-based Intuition Explains Risky Decision Makingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dual processes in decision making and developmental neuroscience: A fuzzy-trace model

Reyna

Brainerd

2011

Developmental Review

Self Cite

228

337

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“…Such gist-based categorical distinctions are reflected in medical decisions (the categorical possibility of rare, incurable brain cancer discourages patients’ risk taking regarding medications for rheumatoid arthritis), insurance choices (the categorical possibility of rare, catastrophic loss encourages purchasing expensive insurance), and moral reasoning (the categorical possibility of murdering a single person discourages action even when that action would save more lives; Fraenkel et al, 2012; Reyna, 2008; Reyna & Casillas, 2009). According to FTT, gist-based thinking often determines judgments and decisions, and empirical results are consistent with this formulation (Brainerd, Reyna, Wright, & Mojardin, 2003; Kühberger & Tanner, 2010; Reyna & Brainerd, 2008).…”

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confidence: 99%

Developmental Reversals in Risky Decision Making

et al. 2013

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Intelligence agents make risky decisions routinely, with serious consequences for national security. Although common sense and most theories imply that experienced intelligence professionals should be less prone to irrational inconsistencies than college students, we show the opposite. Moreover, the growth of experience-based intuition predicts this developmental reversal. We presented intelligence agents, college students, and postcollege adults with 30 risky-choice problems in gain and loss frames and then compared the three groups’ decisions. The agents not only exhibited larger framing biases than the students, but also were more confident in their decisions. The postcollege adults (who were selected to be similar to the students) occupied an interesting middle ground, being generally as biased as the students (sometimes more biased) but less biased than the agents. An experimental manipulation testing an explanation for these effects, derived from fuzzy-trace theory, made the students look as biased as the agents. These results show that, although framing biases are irrational (because equivalent outcomes are treated differently), they are the ironical output of cognitively advanced mechanisms of meaning making.

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“…However, there are also important differences between FTT and other dual process theories. Novel predictions of FTT that have been confirmed empirically include a developmental trend toward increasing gistprocessing with age (Reyna & Casillas, 2009), people with autism rely more on verbatim processing and less on gist based reasoning and more on verbatim-based, (Reyna & Brainerd, 2011) and experts with a good deal of domain knowledge exhibit more gist processing than novices (Reyna & Lloyd, 2006). Gist processing allows experts to make sharper, more meaningful distinctions (Reyna & Lloyd, 2006), and reduce overprecision errors in judgment (Haran, Moore, & Morewedge, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Individual Differences in Base Rate Neglect: A Fuzzy Processing Preference Index

Wolfe¹,

Fisher²

2012

PsycEXTRA Dataset

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Little is known about individual differences in integrating numeric base-rates and qualitative text in making probability judgments. Fuzzy-Trace Theory predicts a preference for fuzzy processing. We conducted six studies to develop the FPPI, a reliable and valid instrument assessing individual differences in this fuzzy processing preference. It consists of 19 probability estimation items plus 4 "M-Scale" items that distinguish simple pattern matching from "base rate respect." Cronbach's Alpha was consistently above 0.90. Validity is suggested by significant correlations between FPPI scores and three other measurers: "Rule Based" Process Dissociation Procedure scores; the number of conjunction fallacies in joint probability estimation; and logic index scores on syllogistic reasoning. Replicating norms collected in a university study with a web-based study produced negligible differences in FPPI scores, indicating robustness. The predicted relationships between individual differences in base rate respect and both conjunction fallacies and syllogistic reasoning were partially replicated in two web-based studies.

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Chapter 7 Development and Dual Processes in Moral Reasoning: A Fuzzy‐trace Theory Approach

Cited by 29 publications

References 77 publications

Dual processes in decision making and developmental neuroscience: A fuzzy-trace model

Dual processes in decision making and developmental neuroscience: A fuzzy-trace model

Developmental Reversals in Risky Decision Making

Individual Differences in Base Rate Neglect: A Fuzzy Processing Preference Index

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