Characterisation of buried blast loading

Clarke, Steve; Rigby, S.E.; Fay, S.D.; Barr, A.D.; Tyas, A.; Gant, M.; Elgy, I.

doi:10.1098/rspa.2019.0791

Cited by 7 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Clarke et al [140] utilise a large-scale experimental set-up for measuring spatially and localised loading caused by the detonation of shallow-buried [141][142][143] and near-field free-air explosives [144]. They explore a range of instrumentation techniques, which are summarised in a tabulated format.…”

Section: Hybrid Pressure Sensor Usagementioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Blast Loading in the Urban Environment

et al. 2023

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Urban blasts have become a significant concern in recent years. Whilst free-field blasts are well understood, the introduction of an urban setting (or any complex geometry) gives rise to multiple blast wave interactions and unique flow complexities, significantly increasing the difficulty of loading predictions. This review identifies commonly agreed-upon concepts or behaviours that are utilised to describe urban shock wave propagation, such as channelling and shielding, in conjunction with exploring urban characterisation metrics that aim to predict the effects on global blast loading for an urban blast. Likewise, discrepancies and contradictions are highlighted to promote key areas that require further work and clarification. Multiple numerical modelling programmes are acknowledged to showcase their ability to act as a means of validation and a preliminary testing tool. The findings contained within this review aim to inform future research decisions and topics better.

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Section: Hybrid Pressure Sensor Usagementioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Blast Loading in the Urban Environment

et al. 2023

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“…Hopkinson pressure bars (HPBs) instrumented with strain gauges are a robust method of providing this temporal resolution and have successfully been used by blast researchers in the near field [ 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 ], building on Hopkinson’s pioneering work over 100 years ago [ 16 ]. Of particular note, the Characterisation of Blast Loading (CoBL) facility [ 17 ] used a two-dimensional array of 10 mm diameter HPBs arranged in a stiff steel plate to record both the temporal and spatial variation of reflected pressure for buried [ 18 ] and free-air blasts [ 19 ]. The CoBL facility has been used at scaled distances

m/kg

, spanning both the “extreme” near field (

m/kg

) and the “late” near field (

m/kg

).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temporally and Spatially Resolved Reflected Overpressure Measurements in the Extreme Near Field

Barr

Rigby

Clarke

et al. 2023

Sensors

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The design of blast-resistant structures and protective systems requires a firm understanding of the loadings imparted to structures by blast waves. While empirical methods can reliably predict these loadings in the far field, there is currently a lack of understanding on the pressures experienced in the very near field, where physics-based numerical modelling and semi-empirical fast-running engineering model predictions can vary by an order of magnitude. In this paper, we present the design of an experimental facility capable of providing definitive spatially and temporally resolved reflected pressure data in the extreme near field (Z<0.5 m/kg1/3). The Mechanisms and Characterisation of Explosions (MaCE) facility is a specific near-field evolution of the existing Characterisation of Blast Loading (CoBL) facility, which uses an array of Hopkinson pressure bars embedded in a stiff target plate. Maraging steel pressure bars and specially designed strain gauges are used to increase the measurement capacity from 600 MPa to 1800 MPa, and 33 pressure bars in a radial grid are used to improve the spatial resolution from 25 mm to 12.5 mm over the 100 mm radius measurement area. In addition, the pressure bar diameter is reduced from 10 mm to 4 mm, which greatly reduces stress wave dispersion, increasing the effective bandwidth. This enables the observation of high-frequency features in the pressure measurements, which is vital for validating the near-field transient effects predicted by numerical modelling and developing effective blast mitigation methods.

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“…One characteristic of carbonate sands is that their particles are inherently more friable due to their plate-like morphology [15,16]. To isolate the effects of particle mineralogy, testing was conducted on prepared soil samples with low moisture contents to enable a direct comparison with the historic dataset on soils from testing at the University of Sheffield [17]. The secondary aim of this paper is to identify whether particle breakage can have an effect on both the magnitude and distribution of loading from shallow buried charges.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Soil Mineralogy and Particle Breakage on the Impulse Generated from Shallow Buried Charges

et al. 2023

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Historically, most testing with shallow buried charges has focussed on soils which are predominantly quartz (silica)-based. Particle size, moisture content and density have previously been investigated to ascertain their importance, along with other geotechnical parameters, in governing the magnitude of an impulsive output. This has shown that, in order of importance, moisture content, density and particle size drive the total impulse imparted. The work in this paper presents the results of blast testing carried out with carbonate sands to investigate the difference that particle mineralogy (and hence, propensity for breakage) has on both the localised loading and the total impulse using an array of 17 Hopkinson pressure bars known as the Characterisation of Blast Loading (CoBL) apparatus. Carbonate sands are thought to have more friable particles due to their plate-like morphology, as opposed to the rounded morphology of quartz-based sands. Testing was conducted with low moisture content samples and compared with the well-established Leighton Buzzard uniform sand to isolate the effect of particle mineralogy/morphology on the loadings measured. The results show that, despite attaining a 23% lower bulk density, carbonate soils deliver almost identical total impulses (0.7–3.0% higher) when compared with quartz soils for nominally identical moisture contents.

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Characterisation of buried blast loading

Cited by 7 publications

References 28 publications

A Review of Blast Loading in the Urban Environment

A Review of Blast Loading in the Urban Environment

Temporally and Spatially Resolved Reflected Overpressure Measurements in the Extreme Near Field

The Effect of Soil Mineralogy and Particle Breakage on the Impulse Generated from Shallow Buried Charges

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