Characterisation of gamma delta (γδ) T cell populations in patients with sepsis

Galley, Helen F.; Lowes, Damon A.; Thompson, Keith; Wilson, Naomi D; Wallace, Carol A.; Webster, Nigel R.

doi:10.1002/cbin.10361

Cited by 14 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…In patients with sepsis the population of Vδ2 γδT or CD3 + CD56 + γδT cells in circulation is significantly reduced [212]. This decrease in CD3 + CD56 + γδT cells starts from day second of sepsis and progresses till the death of patient [212]. Only non-proliferative effector subset of γδT cells can be observed in septic patients at very low levels of 0.61% as compared to healthy controls (19.2%) [213].…”

Section: Gamma Delta (γδ) T Cells In Inflammatory Diseases and Their mentioning

confidence: 97%

“…While Vδ2 γδT cells are mainly present in peripheral blood circulation [207]. In patients with sepsis the population of Vδ2 γδT or CD3 + CD56 + γδT cells in circulation is significantly reduced [212]. This decrease in CD3 + CD56 + γδT cells starts from day second of sepsis and progresses till the death of patient [212].…”

Section: Gamma Delta (γδ) T Cells In Inflammatory Diseases and Their mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Toll-like receptors in immunity and inflammatory diseases: Past, present, and future

Kumar

2018

International Immunopharmacology

528

346

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The immune system is a very diverse system of the host that evolved during evolution to cope with various pathogens present in the vicinity of environmental surroundings inhabited by multicellular organisms ranging from achordates to chordates (including humans). For example, cells of immune system express various pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that detect danger via recognizing specific pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and mount a specific immune response. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are one of these PRRs expressed by various immune cells. However, they were first discovered in the Drosophila melanogaster (common fruit fly) as genes/proteins important in embryonic development and dorso-ventral body patterning/polarity. Till date, 13 different types of TLRs (TLR1-TLR13) have been discovered and described in mammals since the first discovery of TLR4 in humans in late 1997. This discovery of TLR4 in humans revolutionized the field of innate immunity and thus the immunology and host-pathogen interaction. Since then TLRs are found to be expressed on various immune cells and have been targeted for therapeutic drug development for various infectious and inflammatory diseases including cancer. Even, Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) among various TLR genes have been identified among the different human population and their association with susceptibility/resistance to certain infections and other inflammatory diseases. Thus, in the present review the current and future importance of TLRs in immunity, their pattern of expression among various immune cells along with TLR based therapeutic approach is reviewed.

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Section: Gamma Delta (γδ) T Cells In Inflammatory Diseases and Their mentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Gamma Delta (γδ) T Cells In Inflammatory Diseases and Their mentioning

confidence: 99%

Toll-like receptors in immunity and inflammatory diseases: Past, present, and future

Kumar

2018

International Immunopharmacology

528

346

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“…Similarly, a reduced percentage of γδ lymphocytes has been reported . And these cells, appear to no longer be able to proliferate after sepsis .…”

Section: Lymphocytesmentioning

confidence: 73%

Sepsis‐induced immune alterations monitoring by flow cytometry as a promising tool for individualized therapy

Monneret

Venet

2015

Cytometry Part B Clinical

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Septic syndromes remain a major although largely under-recognized health care problem and represent the first cause of mortality in intensive care units. While sepsis has, for long, been solely described as inducing a tremendous systemic inflammatory response, novel findings indicate that sepsis indeed initiates a more complex immunologic response that varies over time, with the concomitant occurrence of both pro-and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. As a resultant, after a short proinflammatory phase, septic patients enter a stage of protracted immunosuppression. This is illustrated in those patients by reactivation of dormant viruses (CMV or HSV) or infections due to pathogens, including fungi, which are normally pathogenic solely in immunocompromised hosts. Although mechanisms are not totally understood, these alterations might be directly responsible for worsening outcome in patients who survived initial resuscitation as nearly all immune functions are deeply compromised. Indeed, the magnitude and persistence over time of these dysfunctions have been associated with increased mortality and health-care associated infection rate. Consequently, new promising therapeutic avenues are currently emerging from those recent findings such as adjunctive immunostimulation (IFN-g, GM-CSF, IL-7, anti-PD1/L1 antibodies) for the most immunosuppressed patients. Nevertheless, as there is no clinical sign of immune dysfunctions, the prerequisite for such therapeutic intervention relies on our capacity in identifying the patients who could benefit from immunostimulation. To date, the most robust biomarkers of sepsis-induced immunosuppression are measured by flow cytometry. Of them, the decreased expression of monocyte HLA-DR appears as a "gold standard." This review reports on the mechanisms sustaining sepsis-induced immunosuppression and its related biomarkers measurable by flow cytometry. The objective is to integrate the most recent facts in an up-to-date account of clinical results, flow cytometry aspects as well as issues in results standardization for multicenter studies. V C 2015 International Clinical Cytometry Society

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“…While much of their function has yet to be elucidated, γδ T cells have been shown to be involved in intestinal mucosal reparation by regulating mucin expression and promoting goblet cell function in the small intestine (40). Notably, depletion of γδ T cells worsens mortality following CLP (41) while septic patients have a lower percentage of circulating γδ T cells compared to healthy controls (42). …”

Section: Immune Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

New insights into the gut as the driver of critical illness and organ failure

Meng

Klingensmith²,

Coopersmith³

2017

Current Opinion in Critical Care

131

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Purpose of review The gut has long been hypothesized to be the “motor” of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS). This review serves as an update on new data elucidating the role of the gut as the propagator of organ failure in critical illness. Recent findings Under basal conditions, the gut absorbs nutrients and serves as a barrier that prevents approximately 40 trillion intraluminal microbes and their products from causing host injury. However, in critical illness, gut integrity is disrupted with hyperpermeability and increased epithelial apoptosis, allowing contamination of extraluminal sites that are ordinarily sterile. These alterations in gut integrity are further exacerbated in the setting of pre-existing co-morbidities. The normally commensal microflora is also altered in critical illness, with increases in microbial virulence and decreases in diversity, which leads to further pathologic responses within the host. Summary All components of the gut are adversely impacted by critical illness. Gut injury can not only propagate local damage, but can also cause distant injury and organ failure. Understanding how the multifaceted components of the gut interact and how these are perturbed in critical illness may play an important role in turning off the “motor” of MODS in the future.

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Characterisation of gamma delta (γδ) T cell populations in patients with sepsis

Cited by 14 publications

References 32 publications

Toll-like receptors in immunity and inflammatory diseases: Past, present, and future

Toll-like receptors in immunity and inflammatory diseases: Past, present, and future

Sepsis‐induced immune alterations monitoring by flow cytometry as a promising tool for individualized therapy

New insights into the gut as the driver of critical illness and organ failure

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