Characterisation of microcrystalline cellulose from oil palm fibres for food applications

Xiang, Loo Yu; Mohammed, Mohd Afandi P.; Baharuddin, Azhari Samsu

doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.04.055

Cited by 84 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Attempts to transform OPEFB into valueadded products have gained wide attention because it is one of the most produced biomasses that come from oil palm refineries. The lignocellulosic composition in the dry OPEFB was 19% to 21% for lignin, 22% to 25% for hemicellulose, and 40% to 43% for cellulose (Razali et al 2017).The two main parts of OPEFB are the stalk and spikelet, where Xiang et al (2016) reported that the raw stalk fibre yielded the highest cellulose content and had the lowest lignin content. Likewise, the raw stalk fibre contains the lowest residual oil content when compared to the EFB and spikelets (Yunos et al 2015;Xiang et al 2016).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The two main parts of OPEFB are the stalk and spikelet, where Xiang et al (2016) reported that the raw stalk fibre yielded the highest cellulose content and had the lowest lignin content. Likewise, the raw stalk fibre contains the lowest residual oil content when compared to the EFB and spikelets (Yunos et al 2015;Xiang et al 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Likewise, the raw stalk fibre contains the lowest residual oil content when compared to the EFB and spikelets (Yunos et al 2015;Xiang et al 2016). The supplemental pre-treatment step during the extraction of cellulose and its derivatives is required to remove the residual oil present in oil palm fibres because it can influence the cellulose derivatives production (Fahma et al 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Likewise, the raw stalk fibre contains the lowest residual oil content when compared to the EFB and spikelets (Yunos et al 2015;Xiang et al 2016). The supplemental pre-treatment step during the extraction of cellulose and its derivatives is PEER-REVIEWED ARTICLE bioresources.com Parid et al (2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The supplemental pre-treatment step during the extraction of cellulose and its derivatives is required to remove the residual oil present in oil palm fibres because it can influence the cellulose derivatives production (Fahma et al 2010). Furthermore, Xiang et al (2016) investigated the cellulose percentage of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), where the MCC extracted from stalk contained a greater amount of cellulose. This amount is 86.5% compared to those MCC extracted from OPEFB and spikelets that consisted of 81.1% and 84.5%, respectively.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Synthesis and Characterization of Carboxymethyl Cellulose from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Stalk Fibres

et al. 2017

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The current extraction of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) from wood has created competition with wood industries. Interest in alternative sources is critical to ensure the sustainable production of CMC. Therefore, the extraction of CMC from oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) stalk fibres was evaluated. CMC extracted from OPEFB stalk fibres was characterized for chemical composition as well as by spectroscopic, microscopic, physicochemical, and rheological tests. Highest cellulose content was obtained from raw stalk fibres with the least amount of lignin and residual oil as compared to the empty fruit bunch (EFB) and spikelet. The XRD analysis revealed that the native cellulose was transformed into an amorphous phase, as evidenced from the characteristic peaks that had almost disappeared. Likewise, the FTIR analysis showed that major peaks in the lignin and hemicellulose were absent, which enabled the cellulose to be converted to CMC. Microscopy analysis showed notable changes in the fibres' morphology throughout the extraction process. In addition, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), physicochemical studies, and rheological tests on extracted CMC showed that there was a significant difference between each phase of the extraction process and this showed that OPEFB stalk fibre was feasible to produce CMC that was comparable to those of commercial CMC. Keywords: Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC); Oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB); Stalk fibreContact information: Department of Process and Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; * Corresponding author: nuraliaa@upm.edu.my INTRODUCTIONPalm oil mills produce a few types of solid wastes, one of which is called oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB). During the threshing process, the fresh fruit bunches (FFB) are rolled and threshed in rotating steel drums to separate the fruits from the stalks, and this process generates the empty fruit bunches (EFB). Attempts to transform OPEFB into valueadded products have gained wide attention because it is one of the most produced biomasses that come from oil palm refineries. The lignocellulosic composition in the dry OPEFB was 19% to 21% for lignin, 22% to 25% for hemicellulose, and 40% to 43% for cellulose (Razali et al. 2017).The two main parts of OPEFB are the stalk and spikelet, where Xiang et al. (2016) reported that the raw stalk fibre yielded the highest cellulose content and had the lowest lignin content. Likewise, the raw stalk fibre contains the lowest residual oil content when compared to the EFB and spikelets (Yunos et al. 2015;Xiang et al. 2016). The supplemental pre-treatment step during the extraction of cellulose and its derivatives is PEER-REVIEWED ARTICLE bioresources.com Parid et al. (2018). "Synthesis of CMC," BioResources 13(1), 535-554. 536 required to remove the residual oil present in oil palm fibres because it can influence the cellulose derivatives production (Fahma et al. 2010). Fu...

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Likewise, the raw stalk fibre contains the lowest residual oil content when compared to the EFB and spikelets (Yunos et al 2015;Xiang et al 2016). The supplemental pre-treatment step during the extraction of cellulose and its derivatives is PEER-REVIEWED ARTICLE bioresources.com Parid et al (2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Synthesis and Characterization of Carboxymethyl Cellulose from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Stalk Fibres

et al. 2017

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Office waste paper as cellulose nanocrystal source

Orue

Santamaria‐Echart

Eceiza

et al. 2017

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) are isolated from office waste paper using an alkali solution and a subsequent acid hydrolysis process. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD) results demonstrate that ink and fillers used in the papermaking industry are almost totally removed after alkali treatments. The XRD results show that CNCs obtained after 2 wt % NaOH solution treatment and a subsequent hydrolysis process exhibit only a cellulose I crystalline structure, and the crystallinity index value increases around 42% with respect to initial office waste paper. Nevertheless, CNCs obtained after 7.5 wt % NaOH solution treatment and a subsequent acid hydrolysis process show a mixture of cellulose I and cellulose II polymorphs. The thermal analysis shows that the CNCs obtained after 7.5 wt % NaOH solution treatment and a subsequent acid hydrolysis process are thermally less stable than other samples, suggesting that the cellulose chains could depolymerize into low molecular weight sugar compounds. Even though the atomic force microscopy images confirm the presence of CNCs, the optical images show that some cellulose microfibers still maintain their structure.

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Preparation and characterization of microcrystalline cellulose from rice bran

Liu,

Ran,

et al. 2024

J Sci Food Agric

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BACKGROUNDRice bran, a by‐product of rice processing, has not been fully utilized except for the small amount used for raising animals. The raw material source requirements of microcrystalline cellulose are becoming increasingly extensive. However, the characteristics of preparing microcrystalline cellulose from rice bran have not been reported, which limits the application of rice bran.RESULTSMicrocrystalline cellulose was obtained from rice bran by alkali treatment, delignification, bleaching and acid hydrolysis. The morphology, particle size distribution, degree of polymerization, crystallinity, and thermal stability of rice bran microcrystalline cellulose were analyzed. The chemical compositions, scanning electron microscopy and Fourier‐transform infrared analysis for rice bran microcrystalline cellulose showed that the lignin and hemicellulose were successfully removed from the rice bran fiber matrix. The morphology of rice bran microcrystalline cellulose was shown to be of a short rod‐shaped porous structure with an average diameter of 65.3 μm. The polymerization degree of rice bran microcrystalline cellulose was 150. The X‐ray diffraction pattern of rice bran microcrystalline cellulose showed the characteristic peak of natural cellulose (type I), and its crystallization index was 71%. The rice bran microcrystalline cellulose may be used in biological composites with temperatures between 150 °C and 250 °C.CONCLUSIONThese results suggest the feasibility of using rice bran as a low‐price source of microcrystalline cellulose. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

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Characterisation of microcrystalline cellulose from oil palm fibres for food applications

Cited by 84 publications

References 29 publications

Synthesis and Characterization of Carboxymethyl Cellulose from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Stalk Fibres

Synthesis and Characterization of Carboxymethyl Cellulose from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Stalk Fibres

Office waste paper as cellulose nanocrystal source

Preparation and characterization of microcrystalline cellulose from rice bran

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