Characterisation of the shape memory effect of PET polymer by FFF 3D printing

Ermolai, Vasile

doi:10.21741/9781644902479-11

Cited by 3 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 15 publications

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“…However, regardless of the number of components, the SMPs' working principle is based on the dual-state, dualcomponent, and partial transition mechanism [2,4,[6][7][8]16,23]. In the first case, dual-state, the permanent shape is provided by the covalent bond of the polymeric chains, while the temporary shape is maintained by the chains' rearranged entanglements [20,21,24]. In the second case, dual-component or multi-component (depending on the number of integrated materials), the permanent shape is maintained by a rigid polymer and the temporary by a softer one [5,13,14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multi-Material Shape Memory Polymers: Design Considerations and Implementation

2024

IJOMAM

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Shape memory polymers (SMP) are material systems capable of changing shape in response to external stimuli. By integrating multiple materials in the same system, the shape SMPs' can produce multiple shape/geometrical changes proportional to the number of constituents. Multi-material Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) introduced new development possibilities regarding SMPs. However, materials integration is limited due to the affinity of polymeric materials. This research proposes a design framework adapted for multi-material printing for lowcompatibility polymers to solve some of these limitations. This way, using some design principles for FFF and multi-material printing can integrate two or more materials into the same component. In the end, the principles were used to print and test eight TPU/PLA-based SMSs.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multi-Material Shape Memory Polymers: Design Considerations and Implementation

2024

IJOMAM

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Enhancing sustainability in polymer 3D printing via fusion filament fabrication through integration of by-products in powder form: mechanical and thermal characterization

Castanon-Jano,

Palomera-Obregon,

Lázaro

et al. 2024

Int J Adv Manuf Technol

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FFF (fused filament fabrication) is a type of 3D printing that utilizes filament for part creation. This study proposes using by-products or waste to replace part of the plastic in FFF filament, reducing environmental impact. The aim is to maintain a simple manufacturing process involving extrusion on a single-screw desktop machine followed by printing. The plastic matrix comprises polylactic acid (PLA) and polyethylene glycol (PETG), with added powdered by-products: seashells, car glass and mill scale (metal). Additives will be incorporated at 10% and 20% by weight, with two grain sizes: up to 0.09 mm and up to 0.018 mm. Mechanical tests (tensile, flexural and hardness) and thermal characterization tests will be conducted. Findings suggest adding 10%w powder of any variety to PETG increases tensile strength up to 48%, with metal powder (mill scale) showing the highest enhancement, even at 20%w, resulting in a 41% increase. Conversely, adding powder to PLA worsens mechanical properties without stiffening the material; instead, the elastic modulus decreases. Metal grain size has minimal impact, with grain sizes lower than 0.09 mm optimal for PLA. Thermal conductivity in polymers blended with powder additives is lower than in virgin polymers, likely due to air void formation, supported by density and microscopic evaluations. This research underscores the potential of utilizing waste materials with a simple FFF filament production to enhance sustainability in 3D printing practices.

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The Effect of Elastomer Content and Annealing on the Physical Properties of Upcycled Polyethylene Terephthalate-Maleated Styrene Ethylene Butylene Styrene Blends for Additive Manufacturing

Bermudez,

Moreno,

Roberson

2024

Materials

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In the work presented here, we explore the upcycling of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) that was derived from water bottles. The material was granulated and extruded into a filament compatible with fused filament fabrication (FFF) additive manufacturing platforms. Three iterations of PET combined with a thermoplastic elastomer, styrene ethylene butylene styrene with a maleic anhydride graft (SEBS-g-MA), were made with 5, 10, and 20% by mass elastomer content. The elastomer and specific mass percentages were chosen based on prior successes involving acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), in which the maleic anhydride graft enabled compatibility between different materials. The rheological properties of PET and the PET/SEBS blends were characterized by the melt flow index and dynamic mechanical analysis. The addition of SEBS-g-MA did not have a significant impact on mechanical properties, as determined by tensile and impact testing, where all test specimens were manufactured by FFF. Delamination of the tensile specimens convoluted the ability to discern differences in the mechanical properties, particularly % elongation. Annealing of the specimens enabled the observation of the effect of elastomer content on the mechanical properties, particularly in the case of impact testing, where the impact strength increased with the increase in SEBS content. However, annealing led to shrinkage of the specimens, detracting from the realized benefits of the thermal process. Scanning electron microscopy of spent tensile specimens revealed that, in the non-annealed condition, SEBS formed nodules that would detach from the PET matrix during the tensile test, indicating that a robust bond was not present. The addition of SEBS-g-MA did allow for shape memory property characterization, where deformation of tensile specimens occurred at room temperature. Specimens from the 20% by mass elastomer content sample group exhibited a shape fixation ratio on the order of 99% and a shape recovery ratio on the order of 80%. This work demonstrates a potential waste reduction strategy to tackle the problem of polymer waste by upcycling discarded plastic into a feedstock material for additive manufacturing with shape memory properties.

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Characterisation of the shape memory effect of PET polymer by FFF 3D printing

Cited by 3 publications

References 15 publications

Multi-Material Shape Memory Polymers: Design Considerations and Implementation

Multi-Material Shape Memory Polymers: Design Considerations and Implementation

Enhancing sustainability in polymer 3D printing via fusion filament fabrication through integration of by-products in powder form: mechanical and thermal characterization

The Effect of Elastomer Content and Annealing on the Physical Properties of Upcycled Polyethylene Terephthalate-Maleated Styrene Ethylene Butylene Styrene Blends for Additive Manufacturing

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