Characteristic Effects of the Cardiac Non-Neuronal Acetylcholine System Augmentation on Brain Functions

Abstract

Since the discovery of non-neuronal acetylcholine in the heart, this specific system has drawn scientific interest from many research fields, including cardiology, immunology, and pharmacology. This system, acquired by cardiomyocytes independent of the parasympathetic nervous system of the autonomic nervous system, helps us to understand unsolved issues in cardiac physiology and to realize that the system may be more pivotal for cardiac homeostasis than expected. However, it has been shown that the effects of this system may not be restricted to the heart, but rather extended to cover extra-cardiac organs. To this end, this system intriguingly influences brain function, specifically potentiating blood brain barrier function. Although the results reported appear to be unusual, this novel characteristic can provide us with another research interest and therapeutic application mode for central nervous system diseases. In this review, we discuss our recent studies and raise the possibility of application of this system as an adjunctive therapeutic modality.

New Blood–Brain Barrier Models Using Primary Parkinson’s Disease Rat Brain Endothelial Cells and Astrocytes for the Development of Central Nervous System Drug Delivery Systems

“…Consistent with morphological characteristics, the noncontact coculture PD rCMECs displayed the lowest TEER value and the highest permeability value among all four in vitro BBB models, whereas PD and normal rCMECs showed similar TEER and permeability values in the contact coculture models. Astrocytes secrete important regulatory factors for the endothelium such as the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), glial-derived neurotropic factor (GDNF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). − Our results were in agreement with the predominant view that astrocytes regulate various aspects of BBB physiology and influence BBB features. In addition, our study indicates that the astrocyte–endothelial interaction may be critical for BBB restoration under pathological conditions.…”

RETRACTED: Non-neuronal cholinergic system delays cardiac remodelling in type 1 diabetes

“…A transgenic mouse model that is characterised by the overexpression of the murine Chat gene (ChAT-Tg) in the heart was utilized for this study. ChAT-Tg mice are developed in our laboratory in collaboration with Professor Masayuki Tsuda, Institute for Laboratory Animal Research, Kochi University, Japan, and have been well characterized in previous studies [ [15] , [16] , [17] , [18] , [19] ]. To induce T1DM, 12-week-old ChAT-Tg mice and their wild-type litter controls were given an intraperitoneal injection of STZ at 50 mg/kg/day for 5 days [ 20 , 21 ].…”

Dynamics of stress-index and spectral indicators of cardiointervalogram of elite skiers-racers in the preparatory, competition and transition periods depending on the volume and intensity of training loads

“…Следует подчеркнуть, что на протяжении годичного цикла тип регуляции сердечной деятельности у элитных лыжников не меняется. Это позволяет сформулировать представление о том, что специализация вида спорта, которую выбирает начинающий спортсмен, зависит от индивидуальных особенностей регуляции сердечной деятельности, в которой принимают участие не только ПО и СО АНС, но и многие другие медиаторы и БАВ, например, эндогенные антиоксиданты, в том числе ферменты-антиоксиданты типа супероксидисмутазы [45], эндогенные сенсибилизаторы бета-адренорецепторов, или ЭСБАР, в том числе гистидин, триптофан и тирозин [46], а также дофамин [47], серотонин [48], простагландины [49], оксид азота [50], ненейрональный ацетилхолин [4,5,51], и другие гормоны и медиаторы, проявляющие свойства антиоксидантов и антиапоптических факторов, например, мелатонин [52]. Все вместе они, вероятно, образуют антиапоптическую систему, которая препятствует апоптозу кардиомиоцитов в условиях высокой физической нагрузки, т.е.…”