Characteristics, immobilization, and application of Candida rugosa lipase: a review

Abstract

Candida rugosa lipase (CRL) is one of the lipases widely used in various food industries and studies, especially in linkage with the modification of lipids. This review discusses CRL, including CRL features (molecular biology, the structure of the enzyme protein, the flap/ lid), catalytic mechanisms and substrates specificity, CRL immobilization technologies, and various applications in lipid modifications. CRL has five isoenzymes, namely LIP1 - LIP5, then develops again into LIP1 - LIP8. However, LIP1 is the most commonly found isoenzymes. CRL has a structure similar to that of Geotricum candidum lipase, has a flap/ lid, which is an active side cover in the form of α-helix, which is relatively shorter than other lipases. The active site of the CRL consists of triads ser-209, His-449, and Glu-341, while the catalytic mechanism of the CRL is the same as the other lipases by the nucleophilic attack. CRL catalyzes triacylglycerol at all positions randomly and has hydrolysis and synthesis activities that are strongly affected by the presence of water in the reaction system. CRL can be used for various lipid modifications through hydrolysis, esterification, interesterification/transesterification, and alcoholysis/ glycerolysis reactions.

Titration vs. GC-MS Analysis to Determine the Factors Affecting the Esterification Activity of Candida rugosa Lipase Immobilized onto Celite

“…Many enzyme-catalyzed reactions used lipases as biocatalysts [1,2]. Although their native substrate is acylglycerides, lipases have broad specificity, which allows them to catalyze various kinds of reactions, including hydrolysis, esterification, transesterification, alcoholysis, acidolysis, and aminolysis [3][4][5]. Among the lipases most widely used in research and industrial applications is Candida rugosa lipase (CRL) [4][5][6].…”

“…Although their native substrate is acylglycerides, lipases have broad specificity, which allows them to catalyze various kinds of reactions, including hydrolysis, esterification, transesterification, alcoholysis, acidolysis, and aminolysis [3][4][5]. Among the lipases most widely used in research and industrial applications is Candida rugosa lipase (CRL) [4][5][6]. This lipases have been widely used for waste utilization such as for the production of biodiesel [7,8], wax ester [9], as well as for waste treatement [10].…”

The effect of ethanol solvent on thermostability and esterification activity of immobilized Candida rugosa lipase on celite

“…One type of lipase that is widely used as a catalyst is Candida rugosa lipase (CRL) because it has high substrate specificity and activity [4,5]. However, there is still a major drawback from using enzyme, the relatively high cost of enzymes leads to increase in production costs [6].…”

“…An appropriate support matrix is needed, so that the enzyme immobilization can run well. There are several supporting matrices commonly used in lipase immobilization, such as silica, celite, kaolin, alginate, chitin, and chitosan [4,10,11]. As a support material for enzyme immobilization, celite is a porous diatomaceous earth composed of silica.…”

Characterization of lipase fromCandida rugosaentrapped in alginate beads to enhance its thermal stability and recyclability

“…19 Lipase from Candida rugosa (CRL), whose structural features, mechanism of action and catalytic versatility are well known, exists as several isoenzymes, with a high structural homology, but different carbohydrate content, isoelectric point and substrate specificity. [20][21][22][23] CRL is one of the most used enzymes for biotransformations, but the use of the free form is not convenient, as it is deactivated when exposed to temperatures higher than 50 1C for a long time 24 and, above all, the enzyme is not recyclable and its separation from the final products requires many time-consuming steps. For these reasons, several methods have been reported to improve enzyme stability and recyclability: physical adsorption on solid supports, [25][26][27][28][29] cross-linking, [30][31][32] covalent binding [33][34][35] and encapsulation on a solid matrix.…”