Characteristics, Occurrence, Detection and Detoxification of Aflatoxins in Foods and Feeds

Nazhand, Amirhossein; Durazzo, Alessandra; Lucarini, Massimo; Souto, Eliana B.; Santini, Antonello

doi:10.3390/foods9050644

Cited by 112 publications

(74 citation statements)

References 226 publications

(217 reference statements)

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“…Aflatoxins represent the most abundant mycotoxins found in foodstuffs, oilseeds, cereals, milk, soils, animals, and humans. All types of aflatoxins are derived from fungal species belonging to the genus Aspergillus and are considered among the most harmful mycotoxins for animals and humans [ 4 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 ]. As mentioned above, in suckling piglets and growing, finished, and breeding pigs, the main biological effects of aflatoxins are carcinogenicity, immunosuppression, mutagenicity, teratogenicity, decreased feed efficiency and poor weight gain, impaired liver, and altered serum biochemical parameters [ 18 , 19 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effectiveness of Dietary Byproduct Antioxidants on Induced CYP Genes Expression and Histological Alteration in Piglets Liver and Kidney Fed with Aflatoxin B1 and Ochratoxin A

Popescu

Bulgaru

Untea

et al. 2021

Toxins

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential of a byproduct mixture derived from grapeseed and sea buckthorn oil industry to mitigate the harmful damage produced by ochratoxin A and aflatoxin B1 at hepatic and renal level in piglets after weaning. Forty cross-bred TOPIGS-40 hybrid piglets after weaning were assigned to three experimental groups (E1, E2, E3) and one control group (C), and fed with experimental diets for 30 days. The basal diet was served as a control and contained normal compound feed for starter piglets without mycotoxins. The experimental groups were fed as follows: E1—basal diet plus a mixture (1:1) of two byproducts (grapeseed and sea buckthorn meal); E2—the basal diet experimentally contaminated with mycotoxins (479 ppb OTA and 62ppb AFB1); and E3—basal diet containing 5% of the mixture (1:1) of grapeseed and sea buckthorn meal and contaminated with the mix of OTA and AFB1. After 4 weeks, the animals were slaughtered, and tissue samples were taken from liver and kidney in order to perform gene expression and histological analysis. The gene expression analysis showed that when weaned piglets were fed with contaminated diet, the expression of most analyzed genes was downregulated. Among the CYP450 family, CYP1A2 was the gene with the highest downregulation. According to these results, in liver, we found that mycotoxins induced histomorphological alterations in liver and kidney and had an effect on the expression level of CYP1A2, CYP2A19, CYP2E1, and CYP3A29, but we did not detect important changes in the expression level of CY4A24, MRP2 and GSTA1 genes.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effectiveness of Dietary Byproduct Antioxidants on Induced CYP Genes Expression and Histological Alteration in Piglets Liver and Kidney Fed with Aflatoxin B1 and Ochratoxin A

Popescu

Bulgaru

Untea

et al. 2021

Toxins

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“…Aflatoxin exposure contributed to the majority of liver cancer burden in 2005, second only to HBV and HCV. Aflatoxins are another important etiological factor of liver cancer in China, which have been classified as a Group 1 human carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer ( 27 ). Aflatoxins are produced primarily by the fungi Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus , which infect food crops such as maize, peanuts, groundnuts, and tree nuts ( 28 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Attributable deaths of liver cancer in China

Cao¹,

Implement²,

Ding

et al. 2021

Chinese Journal of Cancer Research

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Objective There is little information about contributions of the well-known risk factors to the liver cancer burden. We conducted a comparative study to estimate the liver cancer burden attributable to major risk factors. Methods Liver cancer deaths for adults were estimated from 978 county-level surveillance points in China in 2014. Risk factors were identified from the International Agency for Research on Cancer and the World Cancer Research Fund International. Population attributable fraction (PAF) by age, sex, and province was calculated using multiple formulas. Results In total, 72.4% of liver cancer deaths could be attributable to the studied risk factors. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) was responsible for the largest fraction of liver cancer burden in both genders (PAF=55.6% in males, PAF=46.5% in females). PAFs for liver cancer burden attributable to smoking (15.7% vs. 4.8%), and alcohol drinking (10.3% vs. 1.6%) were significantly higher in males than in females. The burden of HBV-attributable deaths was the highest in Qinghai province. Conclusions HBV still contributes to the majority of liver cancer burden than any other risk factors. Targeted preventive measures should be implemented based on the degree of contributions of risk factors to liver cancer deaths.

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“…Aflatoxins are secondary metabolite products of Aspergillus species molds, and human exposure to these toxins occurs due to exposure to contaminated food such as grains, nuts, eggs, spices, milk, and meat in tropical countries of sub-Saharan Africa and southeast Asia [ 24 , 25 ]. Although aflatoxin contamination is common and a major problem in these countries, studies have shown that aflatoxin contamination is a global occurrence including in parts of Europe and the Americas [ 26 , 27 , 28 ]. AFB1 is the most toxic and common of all types of aflatoxins in human populations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early Life Exposure to Aflatoxin B1 in Rats: Alterations in Lipids, Hormones, and DNA Methylation among the Offspring

Rotimi

Onuzulu

Dewald

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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Aflatoxins are toxic compounds produced by molds of the Aspergillus species that contaminate food primarily in tropical countries. The most toxic aflatoxin, aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), is a major cause of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in these countries. In sub-Saharan Africa, aflatoxin contamination is common, and perinatal AFB1 exposure has been linked to the early onset of HCC. Epigenetic programming, including changes to DNA methylation, is one mechanism by which early life exposures can lead to adult disease. This study aims to elucidate whether perinatal AFB1 exposure alters markers of offspring health including weight, lipid, and hormone profiles as well as epigenetic regulation that may later influence cancer risk. Pregnant rats were exposed to two doses of AFB1 (low 0.5 and high 5 mg/kg) before conception, throughout pregnancy, and while weaning and compared to an unexposed group. Offspring from each group were followed to 3 weeks or 3 months of age, and their blood and liver samples were collected. Body weights and lipids were assessed at 3 weeks and 3 months while reproductive, gonadotropic, and thyroid hormones were assessed at 3 months. Prenatal AFB1 (high dose) exposure resulted in significant 16.3%, 31.6%, and 7.5% decreases in weight of the offspring at birth, 3 weeks, and 3 months, respectively. Both doses of exposure altered lipid and hormone profiles. Pyrosequencing was used to quantify percent DNA methylation at tumor suppressor gene Tp53 and growth-regulator H19 in DNA from liver and blood. Results were compared between the control and AFB1 exposure groups in 3-week liver samples and 3-week and 3-month blood samples. Relative to controls, Tp53 DNA methylation in both low- and high-dose exposed rats was significantly decreased in liver samples and increased in the blood (p < 0.05 in linear mixed models). H19 methylation was higher in the liver from low- and high-exposed rats and decreased in 3-month blood samples from the high exposure group (p < 0.05). Further research is warranted to determine whether such hormone, lipid, and epigenetic alterations from AFB1 exposure early in life play a role in the development of early-onset HCC.

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Characteristics, Occurrence, Detection and Detoxification of Aflatoxins in Foods and Feeds

Cited by 112 publications

References 226 publications

The Effectiveness of Dietary Byproduct Antioxidants on Induced CYP Genes Expression and Histological Alteration in Piglets Liver and Kidney Fed with Aflatoxin B1 and Ochratoxin A

The Effectiveness of Dietary Byproduct Antioxidants on Induced CYP Genes Expression and Histological Alteration in Piglets Liver and Kidney Fed with Aflatoxin B1 and Ochratoxin A

Attributable deaths of liver cancer in China

Early Life Exposure to Aflatoxin B1 in Rats: Alterations in Lipids, Hormones, and DNA Methylation among the Offspring

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