Characteristics of airborne gold aggregates generated by spark discharge and high temperature evaporation furnace: Mass–mobility relationship and surface area

Svensson, Christian; Ludvigsson, Linus; Meuller, Bengt; Eggersdorfer, Maximilian L.; Deppert, Knut; Bohgard, Mats; Pagels, Joakim; Messing, Maria E.; Rissler, Jenny

doi:10.1016/j.jaerosci.2015.05.004

Cited by 13 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…The mean, µ , and standard deviations, σ , of the distributions were determined for the number, surface area, and mass-weighted distributions of the primary particles. The Sauter primary particle diameter, d va , and specific surface area (SSA TEM ) were calculated using the methodology described by Svensson et al ( 2015 ) (Table 2 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… The Sauter primary particle diameter, d va , and SSA TEM were calculated using the methodology described by Svensson et al ( 2015 ) …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Sauter diameter is used to calculate the specific surface area, SSA TEM , of the metal aggregates. The method, and the Sauter diameter, is described in detail by Bau et al ( 2010 ) and Svensson et al ( 2015 ).…”

Section: Methods and Experimental Overviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Validation of an air–liquid interface toxicological set-up using Cu, Pd, and Ag well-characterized nanostructured aggregates and spheres

et al. 2016

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Systems for studying the toxicity of metal aggregates on the airways are normally not suited for evaluating the effects of individual particle characteristics. This study validates a set-up for toxicological studies of metal aggregates using an air–liquid interface approach. The set-up used a spark discharge generator capable of generating aerosol metal aggregate particles and sintered near spheres. The set-up also contained an exposure chamber, The Nano Aerosol Chamber for In Vitro Toxicity (NACIVT). The system facilitates online characterization capabilities of mass mobility, mass concentration, and number size distribution to determine the exposure. By dilution, the desired exposure level was controlled. Primary and cancerous airway cells were exposed to copper (Cu), palladium (Pd), and silver (Ag) aggregates, 50–150 nm in median diameter. The aggregates were composed of primary particles <10 nm in diameter. For Cu and Pd, an exposure of sintered aerosol particles was also produced. The doses of the particles were expressed as particle numbers, masses, and surface areas. For the Cu, Pd, and Ag aerosol particles, a range of mass surface concentrations on the air–liquid interface of 0.4–10.7, 0.9–46.6, and 0.1–1.4 µg/cm2, respectively, were achieved. Viability was measured by WST-1 assay, cytokines (Il-6, Il-8, TNF-a, MCP) by Luminex technology. Statistically significant effects and dose response on cytokine expression were observed for SAEC cells after exposure to Cu, Pd, or Ag particles. Also, a positive dose response was observed for SAEC viability after Cu exposure. For A549 cells, statistically significant effects on viability were observed after exposure to Cu and Pd particles. The set-up produced a stable flow of aerosol particles with an exposure and dose expressed in terms of number, mass, and surface area. Exposure-related effects on the airway cellular models could be asserted.Graphical AbstractElectronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s11051-016-3389-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… The Sauter primary particle diameter, d va , and SSA TEM were calculated using the methodology described by Svensson et al ( 2015 ) …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Validation of an air–liquid interface toxicological set-up using Cu, Pd, and Ag well-characterized nanostructured aggregates and spheres

et al. 2016

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“…We have also to point out that the analysis of the SEM image showed that necking exists between the primary particles. The effect of necking has to be taken into consideration when the particle surface area is calculated solely by the surface area of the primary particle (Svensson et al 2015). However, in this study the Fuchs surface area was determined experimentally through the equivalent mobility diameter which is a function of particle size and shape.…”

Section: Fuchs Surface Area Of Carbon Aggregates: Combined Smps-cepi mentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of carbon fractal-like aggregates by size distribution measurements and theoretical calculations

Gini

Helmis

Melas

et al. 2016

Aerosol Science and Technology

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The structural characteristics of carbon nanoparticles synthesized by a spark discharge source were investigated by combined measurements of polydisperse number and Fuchs surface-area distributions against equivalent particle mobility and aerodynamic diameters. The number and Fuchs surface area distribution measurements were conducted by a scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS) and a cascade epiphaniometer (CEPI), respectively. The CEPI-measured total Fuchs surface area and the Fuchs surface area calculated from SMPS number distributions were found to be in reasonable agreement (average absolute difference 28%), suggesting that the momentum-transfer diameter may be approximated by the mass-transfer diameter. The measured total Fuchs surface area of polydisperse distributions was reasonably reproduced by the Fuchs surface area of a monodisperse distribution (average absolute difference 26%). A fitting procedure was used to obtain the effective density mobility diameter relationship. The generated carbon aggregates, composed of primary particles of average diameter of 12.7 § 2.5 nm, were determined to obey a fractal-like power law with a mass mobility fractal dimension D m D 2:14 and a prefactor k m D 1:06, in good agreement with theoretical calculations. Experimental measurements were compared to various theoretical models for the number of primary particles, the dynamic shape factors, and the effective density.

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“…The metal compositions of the two electrodes and their separation distance can be adjusted in order to vary the chemical composition, size, and morphology of the generated metal nanoparticles. During this study, two different SDG instruments were used: (i) SDG P (GFG 1000, Palas, Karlsruhe, Germany) and (ii) SDGC (system constructed in-house) [18]. The HTF apparatus consists of a tube furnace with a graphite or ceramic tube.…”

Section: Particle-generation Setupsmentioning

confidence: 99%

In-situ characterization of metal nanoparticles and their organic coatings using laser-vaporization aerosol mass spectrometry

et al. 2015

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The development of methods to produce nanoparticles with unique properties via the aerosol route is progressing rapidly. Typical characterization techniques extract particles from the synthesis process for subsequent offline analysis, which may alter the particle characteristics. In this work, we use laser-vaporization aerosol mass spectrometry (LV-AMS) with 70-eV electron ionization for real-time, in-situ nanoparticle characterization. The particle characteristics are examined for various aerosol synthesis methods, degrees of sintering, and for controlled condensation of organic material to simulate surface coating/functionalization. The LV-AMS is used to characterize several types of metal nanoparticles (Ag, Au, Pd, PdAg, Fe, Ni, and Cu). The degree of oxidation of the Fe and Ni nanoparticles is found to increase with increased sintering temperature, while the surface organic-impurity content of the metal particles decreases with increased sintering temperature. For aggregate metal particles, the organic-impurity content is found to be similar to that of a monolayer. By comparing different equivalent-diameter measurements, we demonstrate that the LV-AMS can be used in tandem with a differential mobility analyzer to determine the compactness of synthesized metal particles, both during sintering and during material addition for surface functionalization. Further, materials supplied to the particle production line downstream of the particle generators are found to reach the generators as contaminants. The capacity for such in-situ observations is important, as it facilitates rapid response to undesired behavior within the particle production process. This study demonstrates the utility of real-time, in-situ aerosol mass spectrometric measurements to characterize metal nanoparticles obtained directly from the synthesis process line, including their chemical composition, shape, and contamination, providing the potential for effective optimization of process operating parameters.

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Characteristics of airborne gold aggregates generated by spark discharge and high temperature evaporation furnace: Mass–mobility relationship and surface area

Cited by 13 publications

References 48 publications

Validation of an air–liquid interface toxicological set-up using Cu, Pd, and Ag well-characterized nanostructured aggregates and spheres

Validation of an air–liquid interface toxicological set-up using Cu, Pd, and Ag well-characterized nanostructured aggregates and spheres

Characterization of carbon fractal-like aggregates by size distribution measurements and theoretical calculations

In-situ characterization of metal nanoparticles and their organic coatings using laser-vaporization aerosol mass spectrometry

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