“…The former approach studies alumni relationship management strategies based on personal characteristics of alumni that enhance the possibility of alumni university donations. These personal characteristics are delineated as follows: age (see Okunade, Wunnava, & Walsh, 1994;Bruggink & Siddiqui, 1995;Weerts & Ronca, 2007), income level (see Olsen, Smith, & Wunnava, 1989;Clotfelter, 2003;Taylor & Martin, 1995), gender (see Weerts & Ronca, 2008), campus experience (see Gaier, 2005;McDearmon & Shirley, 2009), quality of character (see Utter, Noble, & Brady, 1999), lifestyle (see Weerts & Ronca, 2007) as well as graduation time (see Zhong, Huang, & Guo, 2013), level of education, ethnicity, religion, and working conditions (see Borden, Shaker, & Kienker, 2014). Its analytical and theoretical framework is primarily built on rational choice theory, cognitive development theory, and expectancy theory; the latter lays emphasis on how to utilize and optimize organizations' features or performance to promote alumni relations.…”