Characteristics of clays from Pamukkale (Denizli) region, and their usability in ceramic sector

Abstract

Pamukkale (Denizli) bölgesinin kuzeydoğusunda yüzeyleyen Asartepe (LE2) ve Kızılburun (LE3 ve LE4) formasyonlarından alınan üç adet kil örneğinin fiziko-kimyasal, mineralojik ve termal özelliklerini incelemek için X-ışını floresans, termal analiz, X-ışını kırınımı, Atterberg limitleri ve tane boyu analizi yöntemleri kullanılmıştır. Farklı birimlerden alınan bu killerin kimyasal ve mineralojik bileşimleri arasında çok büyük farklılıkların olmadıkları tespit edilmiştir. Mineralojik olarak, kırmızı killerin (LE2) kuvars, az oranda hematit, kil minerali olarak ise illit, az oranda kaolinit, klorit/simektit ve klorit içerdiği belirlenmiştir. Marnlı killerin ise (LE3 ve LE4) kuvars, kalsit ve piroksen içerdikleri kil minerali olarak da illit ve az klorit, kaolinit ve klorit/simektit içerdikleri tespit edilmiştir. Kimyasal bileşim açısından, kırmızı killer yüksek miktarda SiO2 (%52.0), Fe2O3 (%7.7) ve Al2O3 (%19.2) içermekte marnlı killer ise daha az oranda SiO2 (%40.1-44.5) ve Al2O3 (%12.7-14.0) ve yüksek oranda CaO (13.2-16.5) ve MgO (%3.6-3.8) içerdikleri gözlenmektedir. Tüm kil örneklerinin kızdırma kayıplarının (%14.2-17.7) yüksek olduğu belirlenmiştir. Endüstriyel uygunluk değerlendirilmeleri kırmızı killerin yaygın tuğla imalatı için yeterli özelliklere sahip olduğunu göstermektedir. Bununla birlikte, marnlı killer ise ince cidarlı delikli ürünlerin imalatı için yeterli özelliklere sahip olup, bazı değişikliklerle yaygın tuğla imalatında da kullanılabilirler. X-Ray fluorescence, thermal analyses, X-Ray diffractions, Attenberg limits, and particle size analyses are used to determine mineralogical, physico-chemical, and thermal properties of three clays from the Asartepe (LE2) and Kızılburun (LE3 and LE4) formations from northeastern of the Pamukkale (Denizli) region. There are no significant differences between the samples with respect to their chemical and mineralogical compositions. Mineralogically, red clays (LE2) comprise mainly quartz and small amount hematite, illite as clay minerals, and chlorite, kaolinite and chlorite/smectite as minor clay minerals. Marl clays (LE3 and LE4) were also rich in quartz, calcite, and pyroxene minerals, illite and a small amount of chlorite, kaolinite and chlorite/smectite as clay minerals. Chemically, red clays consist of high amount of SiO2 (52.0%), Fe2O3 (7.7%) and Al2O3 (19.2%) and marly clays have also lower SiO2 (40.1-44.5%), Al2O3 (12.7-14.0%), and higher CaO (13.2-16.5) and MgO (3.6-3.8%) compositions. LOI (14.2-17.7%) contents of the all clay samples are high. As a result, in industrial suitability point of view, characteristics of red clays are suitable for common brick manufacturing. However, marly clays have favourable properties for thin-walled hollow brick production and can be used for manufacturing of common brick with some modification.

Analytical study of Roman red slip ware from ancient Tripolis (Denizli, Turkey)

“…Their clays are hard and firm, some samples have fine pores and fine lime temper. The samples assessed here correspond to forms 1B101, 1B190, 1B221, 1C140, 1C141, 1C142, 1C160, 1C182 of Sagalassos Red Slip Wares (Table 1) [13,[47][48][49][50][51].…”

“…The Sazak Formation (Middle Miocene) conformably overlies the Kızılburun formation and consists of limestone, marl, claystone, and clayey limestone. The Kolankaya Formation (Middle-Late Miocene) conformably overlies the bottom formations and consists of laminated mudstone-siltstone and marls, alternating marl-claystone, mudstone, sandstone, and clayey limestone [45][46][47]. Ulubey formation (Late Miocene -Late Pliocene), which is present in the northern part of Denizli basin, is composed of lacustrine limestone with claystone and marl intercalations.…”

“…Neogene clay deposits were examined from Yenicekent, Pamukkale and Başkarcı (Denizli region) by Semiz [46,47]. These clay locations were obtained from historical sources and interviews with local people and modern employers in the ceramic industry [46].…”

“…Group 3 (Sagalassos Red Slip Ware, n = 11) can be considered as very distinct from the other chemical groups. Braekmans [5] mentioned that there are many clay deposits developed especially in different valley systems in the [46,47] and Sagalassos references samples from Braekmans [5]).…”

An Investigation on Utilization of Doğanhi̇sar/Konya Clays in Glazed Porcelain Tile Bodies

“…There are some research studies for the alternative clay sources that can be utilized in the production of ceramic products, such as Nevşehir- [3,4], Afyon- [5,6], Çanakkale- [7], Denizli- [8], and Konya-based clays [9]. Apart from the tile products, Konya-based clays were also tested for ceramic primer applications in artistic ceramics [10].…”