Characteristics of direct-contact, skin-surface temperature sensors

Boetcher, Sandra K. S.; Sparrow, E. M.; Dugay, M.V.

doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2009.02.011

Cited by 10 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…This means that the heat from the heated plate was also conducted over the sensor, and thus, it reduced the influence of the ambient temperature on the sensor beneath the tape. This fact is in accordance with the study by Boetcher et al (2009), who recommended a highly conductive cover of surface temperature sensor. A similar effect was visible in the measurements performed using iButtons, where the sensor itself is encapsulated in a heat-conducting stainless steel can.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…Therefore, the effect of shape of the sensor and its surface contact seems to surpass the effect of the thermal resistance of the tape in this study. On the other hand, when multiple layers of tape or foam patches were used (Tyler 2011;Boetcher et al 2009;Buono and Ulrich 1998;Zhong-Shan and Jing 2008), a significant overestimation of the temperature measurement occurred. However, the thermal insulation of the attachment tape in those studies was higher (thermal resistance >0.02 m 2 K/W) than that of the selection of tapes used in this study (thermal resistance <0.01 m 2 K/W).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several studies have indicated that the measured surface temperature could depend on environmental conditions, the attachment method, and the type of sensor (Boetcher et al 2009;Buono and Ulrich 1998;Harper Smith et al 2010;Jirak et al 1975). These studies were performed using either heated devices, such as thermal cylinder or manikin, or human subjects.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of ambient temperature and attachment method on surface temperature measurements

2013

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Accurate measurement of skin surface temperature is essential in both thermo-physiological and clinical applications. However, a literature review of the last two decades of physiological or clinical research revealed an inconsistency or a lack of information on how temperature sensors were attached to the skin surface. The purpose of this study was to systematically compare and quantify the performance of different commercially available temperature sensors and their typical attachment methods, and, secondly, to provide a time-efficient and reliable method for testing any sensor-tape combination. In conclusion, both the sensor type and the attachment method influenced the results of temperature measurements (both its absolute and relative dimensions). The sensor shape and the contact of its sensing area to the surface, as well as the conductance of the tape were the most important parameters to minimise the influence of environmental conditions on surface temperature measurement. These results suggest that temperature sensors and attachment methods for human subject and manikin trials should be selected carefully, with a systematic evaluation of the sensor-tape system under conditions of use, and emphasise the need to report these parameters in publications.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of ambient temperature and attachment method on surface temperature measurements

2013

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“…Skin thermistors and thermocouples often consist of a thin metallic foil which serves as a heat spreader backed by a foam insulation pad. This has the potential of creating a layer of insulation over the area of skin being assessed and therefore significantly degrades the accuracy of the measured temperature (Boetcher et al, 2009). This artefact of testing, recording, and reporting erroneous skin temperature data is therefore troublesome, especially if the temperature of the skin is being assessed during (or after) a cryotherapy treatment.…”

Section: Advantages and Limitations Of Infrared Imaging Following Crymentioning

confidence: 99%

The use of thermal imaging in assessing skin temperature following cryotherapy: a review

Costello¹,

McInerney²,

Bleakley³

et al. 2012

Journal of Thermal Biology

110

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a b s t r a c tBackground: Cryotherapy is used in various clinical and sporting settings to reduce odema, decrease nerve conduction velocity, decrease tissue metabolism and to facilitate recovery after exercise induced muscle damage. The basic premise of cryotherapy is to cool tissue temperature and various modalities of cryotherapy such as whole body cryotherapy, cold spray, cryotherapy cuffs, frozen peas, cold water immersion, ice, and cold packs are currently being used to achieve this. However, despite its widespread use, little is known regarding the effectiveness of different cryotherapy modalities to reduce skin temperature. Objectives: To provide a synopsis of the use of thermal imaging as a method of assessing skin temperature following cryotherapy and to report the magnitude of skin temperature reductions associated with various modalities of cooling. Design: Structured narrative review. Methods: Three electronic databases were searched using keywords and MESH headings related to the use of thermal imaging in the assessment of skin temperature following cryotherapy. A hand-search of reference lists and relevant journals and text books complemented the electronic search. Summary: Nineteen studies met the inclusion criteria. A skin temperature reduction of 5-15 1C, in accordance with the recent PRICE (Protection, Rest, Ice, Compression and Elevation) guidelines, were achieved using cold air, ice massage, crushed ice, cryotherapy cuffs, ice pack, and cold water immersion. There is evidence supporting the use and effectiveness of thermal imaging in order to access skin temperature following the application of cryotherapy. Conclusions: Thermal imaging is a safe and non-invasive method of collecting skin temperature. Although further research is required, in terms of structuring specific guidelines and protocols, thermal imaging appears to be an accurate and reliable method of collecting skin temperature data following cryotherapy. Currently there is ambiguity regarding the optimal skin temperature reductions in a medical or sporting setting. However, this review highlights the ability of several different modalities of cryotherapy to reduce skin temperature.

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“…Accordingly, quantification of skin temperature ( T skin ) is important in many research and applied settings and using sensors affixed directly to the skin surface is common for this purpose. While measuring T skin in this way is simple in terms of access to the measurement site, an inherent challenge is that accurate measurements of surface temperature are difficult to accomplish (Hardy, 1934b ; Malone, 1963 ; Boetcher et al, 2009 ). Understanding measurement limitations benefits users by supporting decisions during sensor selection and setup, use, and interpretation of resultant data, and can assist in the development of future sensor systems.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Skin Temperature Measurement Using Contact Thermometry: A Systematic Review of Setup Variables and Their Effects on Measured Values

et al. 2018

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Background: Skin temperature (Tskin) is commonly measured using Tskin sensors affixed directly to the skin surface, although the influence of setup variables on the measured outcome requires clarification.Objectives: The two distinct objectives of this systematic review were (1) to examine measurements from contact Tskin sensors considering equilibrium temperature and temperature disturbance, sensor attachments, pressure, environmental temperature, and sensor type, and (2) to characterise the contact Tskin sensors used, conditions of use, and subsequent reporting in studies investigating sports, exercise, and other physical activity.Data sources and study selection: For the measurement comparison objective, Ovid Medline and Scopus were used (1960 to July 2016) and studies comparing contact Tskin sensor measurements in vivo or using appropriate physical models were included. For the survey of use, Ovid Medline was used (2011 to July 2016) and studies using contact temperature sensors for the measurement of human Tskin in vivo during sport, exercise, and other physical activity were included.Study appraisal and synthesis methods: For measurement comparisons, assessments of risk of bias were made according to an adapted version of the Cochrane Collaboration's risk of bias tool. Comparisons of temperature measurements were expressed, where possible, as mean difference and 95% limits of agreement (LoA). Meta-analyses were not performed due to the lack of a common reference condition. For the survey of use, extracted information was summarised in text and tabular form.Results: For measurement comparisons, 21 studies were included. Results from these studies indicated minor (<0.5°C) to practically meaningful (>0.5°C) measurement bias within the subgroups of attachment type, applied pressure, environmental conditions, and sensor type. The 95% LoA were often within 1.0°C for in vivo studies and 0.5°C for physical models. For the survey of use, 172 studies were included. Details about Tskin sensor setup were often poorly reported and, from those reporting setup information, it was evident that setups widely varied in terms of type of sensors, attachments, and locations used.Conclusions: Setup variables and conditions of use can influence the measured temperature from contact Tskin sensors and thus key setup variables need to be appropriately considered and consistently reported.

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Characteristics of direct-contact, skin-surface temperature sensors

Cited by 10 publications

References 9 publications

Effect of ambient temperature and attachment method on surface temperature measurements

Effect of ambient temperature and attachment method on surface temperature measurements

The use of thermal imaging in assessing skin temperature following cryotherapy: a review

Skin Temperature Measurement Using Contact Thermometry: A Systematic Review of Setup Variables and Their Effects on Measured Values

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