Characteristics of HIV-positive pregnant women and HIV- and antiretroviral therapy-exposed fetuses: A case-control study

Abstract

Introduction: This study determined risk factors, obstetric comorbidities, and fetal conditions among HIV-positive mothers to improve their maternal care.
 Methodology: This retrospective case-control study included HIV-positive pregnant women 18 years of age or older and age-, parity-, and delivery method-matched HIV-negative controls between 2011 and 2018. Those who had stillbirth were excluded. Baseline demographics, labor process, CD4 count, plasma HIV viral load, and antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimen were recorded. Fetal conditions were recorded as well.
 Results: Forty HIV-positive women (45 parities; 22 via NSD, 23 via C/S) were included, with 45 HIV-negative parities as controls. Twenty-nine (72.5%) HIV-positive women had illicit drug use. In the HIV-positive group, 17% received ART prior to first perinatal visit, and 75.6% reached viral suppression pre-delivery. Zidovudine and ritonavir-boosted lopinavir were the majorly prescribed ART. Mild perineal lacerations via NSD were observed in HIV-positive women. Fetal body weight was lower in HIV- and ART-exposed fetuses (2665 vs 3010 g, p < 0.001). Preterm delivery PTB (28.9% vs 8.9%, p= 0.015) and small-for gestational age SGA (28.9% vs 8.8%, p = 0.003) rates were higher in the HIV-positive group. There was no vertical transmission of HIV.
 Conclusions: HIV-positive women tend to deliver fetuses with low body weight and have higher SGA and PTB rates. Given that most women received zidovudine and protease inhibitors, benefits of newer agents for HIV-positive pregnancies should be studied.

Maternal Antiretroviral Treatment for HIV Infection and Risk of Small for Gestational Age Birth: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Protease Inhibitor-Based Treatment and Timing of Treatment

“…The study periods for the included studies ranged from 1997 to 2020 ( Table 1 ). The included studies defined SGA based on sex-specific weight standards, except one study that did not specify this [43] and one that did not use sex-separate standards [26] . Small-for-gestational-age (SGA) analyses were assumed to include term and preterm deliveries, although this was not specified in some studies [44 , 45] .…”