“…Similar to the ST bronzes, these daggers are also characterized by an advanced level of metalwork, and some have suggested that they are possibly related to the ST phenomenon (Molodin 1993; Parzinger 2000). These items, like the ST objects, mostly represent occasional findings from Central Asia (East Kazakhstan, Altai, and Xinjiang) and southwestern Siberia (Chlenova 1976; Aleshin and Vladimirov 1984; Molodin 1993, 2015; Samashev and Zumabekova 1993; Grushin et al 2006, 2009; Kiryushin et al 2006; Kovalev 2013). As to closed complexes, to date, only two are known to have contained daggers.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Closed complexes containing daggers with figure handles: 9 – burial ground Sopka 2/4B; 12 – the Second Karakol Hoard. Map sources: Chernykh (2015), Chlenova (1976), Alekhin and Vladimirov (1984), Molodin (1983, 1993, 2013, 2015), Samashev and Zumabekova (1993), Grushin et al (2006), Kiryushin et al (2006), Molodin et al (2007, 2011), Kovalev (2013), and Kuzminykh (2011). Map adapted from Encarta Microsoft 2006. Figure 2 Seima-Turbino objects ( 4, 5 – stone, other – bronze) from the burial grounds of southwestern Siberia.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“… Figure 3 Bronze daggers with figured handles from Sopka 2/4B burial ground and their analogies. 1–5 – the Second Karakol Hoard (Vinnik and Kuz’mina 1981); 9–11 – Sopka 2/4B (Molodin 1993); other – occasional finds; 6, 7 – eastern Kazakhstan (Samashev and Zumabekova 1993); 8 – Altai (Kiryushin et al 2006); 12 – Upper Irtysh River basin (Grushin et al 2006); 13, 14 – Gansu province (Kovalev 2013); 15 – southern Siberia (Chlenova 1976); 16 – Altai (Alekhin and Vladimirov 1984); 17 – Altai (Chlenova 1976); 18, 21 – Kazakhstan (Chlenova 1976); 19 – Kazakhstan (Chernikov 1960); 20 – Altai or Kazakhstan (Chlenova 1976); 15–21 are without scale.…”
This paper discusses the chronology of burial grounds containing specific Seima-Turbino type bronze weaponry (spears, knives, and celts). The “transcultural” Seima-Turbino phenomenon relates to a wide distribution of specific objects found within the sites of different Bronze Age cultures in Eurasia, not immediately related to each other. The majority of the Seima-Turbino objects represent occasional findings, and they are rarely recovered from burial grounds. Here, we present a new set of14C dates from cemeteries in western Siberia, including the key Asian site Rostovka, with the largest number of graves containing Seima-Turbino objects. Currently, the presented database is the most extensive for the Seima-Turbino complexes. The resulting radiocarbon (14C) chronology for the western Siberian sites (22nd–20th centuries cal BC) is older than the existing chronology based on typological analysis (16th–15th centuries BC) and some earlier14C dates for the Seima-Turbino sites in eastern Europe. Another important aspect of this work is14C dating of complexes within specific bronze objects—daggers with figured handles—which some researchers have related to the Seima-Turbino type objects. These items are mostly represented by occasional finds in Central Asia, however, in western Siberia these have been recovered from burials, too. The14C dating attributes these daggers to the end of the 3rd millennium cal BC, suggesting their similar timing to the Seima-Turbino objects. Further research into freshwater reservoir offsets in the region is essential for a more reliable reconstruction of the chronology of the Seima-Turbino phenomenon and the daggers with figured handles.
“…Similar to the ST bronzes, these daggers are also characterized by an advanced level of metalwork, and some have suggested that they are possibly related to the ST phenomenon (Molodin 1993; Parzinger 2000). These items, like the ST objects, mostly represent occasional findings from Central Asia (East Kazakhstan, Altai, and Xinjiang) and southwestern Siberia (Chlenova 1976; Aleshin and Vladimirov 1984; Molodin 1993, 2015; Samashev and Zumabekova 1993; Grushin et al 2006, 2009; Kiryushin et al 2006; Kovalev 2013). As to closed complexes, to date, only two are known to have contained daggers.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Closed complexes containing daggers with figure handles: 9 – burial ground Sopka 2/4B; 12 – the Second Karakol Hoard. Map sources: Chernykh (2015), Chlenova (1976), Alekhin and Vladimirov (1984), Molodin (1983, 1993, 2013, 2015), Samashev and Zumabekova (1993), Grushin et al (2006), Kiryushin et al (2006), Molodin et al (2007, 2011), Kovalev (2013), and Kuzminykh (2011). Map adapted from Encarta Microsoft 2006. Figure 2 Seima-Turbino objects ( 4, 5 – stone, other – bronze) from the burial grounds of southwestern Siberia.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“… Figure 3 Bronze daggers with figured handles from Sopka 2/4B burial ground and their analogies. 1–5 – the Second Karakol Hoard (Vinnik and Kuz’mina 1981); 9–11 – Sopka 2/4B (Molodin 1993); other – occasional finds; 6, 7 – eastern Kazakhstan (Samashev and Zumabekova 1993); 8 – Altai (Kiryushin et al 2006); 12 – Upper Irtysh River basin (Grushin et al 2006); 13, 14 – Gansu province (Kovalev 2013); 15 – southern Siberia (Chlenova 1976); 16 – Altai (Alekhin and Vladimirov 1984); 17 – Altai (Chlenova 1976); 18, 21 – Kazakhstan (Chlenova 1976); 19 – Kazakhstan (Chernikov 1960); 20 – Altai or Kazakhstan (Chlenova 1976); 15–21 are without scale.…”
This paper discusses the chronology of burial grounds containing specific Seima-Turbino type bronze weaponry (spears, knives, and celts). The “transcultural” Seima-Turbino phenomenon relates to a wide distribution of specific objects found within the sites of different Bronze Age cultures in Eurasia, not immediately related to each other. The majority of the Seima-Turbino objects represent occasional findings, and they are rarely recovered from burial grounds. Here, we present a new set of14C dates from cemeteries in western Siberia, including the key Asian site Rostovka, with the largest number of graves containing Seima-Turbino objects. Currently, the presented database is the most extensive for the Seima-Turbino complexes. The resulting radiocarbon (14C) chronology for the western Siberian sites (22nd–20th centuries cal BC) is older than the existing chronology based on typological analysis (16th–15th centuries BC) and some earlier14C dates for the Seima-Turbino sites in eastern Europe. Another important aspect of this work is14C dating of complexes within specific bronze objects—daggers with figured handles—which some researchers have related to the Seima-Turbino type objects. These items are mostly represented by occasional finds in Central Asia, however, in western Siberia these have been recovered from burials, too. The14C dating attributes these daggers to the end of the 3rd millennium cal BC, suggesting their similar timing to the Seima-Turbino objects. Further research into freshwater reservoir offsets in the region is essential for a more reliable reconstruction of the chronology of the Seima-Turbino phenomenon and the daggers with figured handles.
“…According to Zakh et al (2010), Kovalev (2011) and others, the aridisation of the climate around 3000 BC in southwest Siberia, which led to the expansion of the steppe ecological zone, has been suggested as a driver of the inflow of pastoralist communities from the southwest to the north and east into former forest-steppe regions. The earliest animal species of Near Eastern origin (sheep and goat) have been found in northern Kazakhstan and southwest Siberia in the sites of the Elunino Culture dated to the second half of the third beginning of the 2nd millennium BC (Kiryushin et al, 2011).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The earliest animal species of Near Eastern origin (sheep and goat) have been found in northern Kazakhstan and southwest Siberia in the sites of the Elunino Culture dated to the second half of the third to the beginning of the second millennium BC (Kiryushin et al, 2011). The remains of early ovicaprids in northern Kazakhstan were found on the left bank of the Irtysh River at the sites of Shiderty 10 and Shouke 1 dated to the 2500–2300 BC (Merts, 2013).…”
The steppe and the forest-steppe zones of Siberia represent an environmental belt that links the outskirts of western Asia and Eastern Europe. This corridor of northern regions of steppe and forest steppe has contributed towards the dispersal of animal and crop species, metals, precious stones, as well as new technologies across Eurasia in prehistory (Kuzʹmina, 2008; Koryakova and Epimakhov, 2007). Dietary changes within the populations inhabiting the southwest Siberia and northern Kazakhstan in prehistory indicate changes in the economy, at the same time marking the beginnings of East-West interaction across northern Eurasia. Past palaeodietary research using stable isotope analysis have mainly focussed on pastoral cattle breeding populations of the Bronze Age period. The introduction of domestic animal species of the near Eastern origin, such as sheep and goats, dramatically changed the lives of the local population. It is crucial, however, to access the diets of humans and animals from earlier periods (Neolithic/Chalcolithic) in order to understand the timing and nature of dietary change during the Bronze Age of southwest Siberia and northern Kazakhstan. It has been implied from previous research suggesting that elevated δ13C or δ15N values in animals and subsequently in humans, for example, could be a result of climatic rather than dietary change. In this paper we discuss the timing of pastoralism in the southern zones of western Siberia (Upper Ob River) and northern Kazakhstan (Tobol River basin) by presenting the stable isotope results of the Neolithic to Bronze Age humans and fauna. This data, combined with the AMS radiocarbon dating results, allows us to detect human dietary change through time http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/holocene HOLOCENE
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