Characteristics of spontaneous eyeblink activity during video display terminal use in healthy volunteers

Freudenthaler, Nora; Neuf, Hartmut; Kadner, Gregor; Schlote, Torsten

doi:10.1007/s00417-003-0786-6

Cited by 115 publications

(76 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…This SEBR is in 8 agreement with previous studies assessing blinking in similar conditions (although in some of 9 these studies viewing distance was not adjusted with a chin and forehead rest) [15,[17][18][19][20][21]. A 10 statistically significant difference in SEBR was encountered between the four reading sessions, 11…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 81%

“…It may be observed that these studies follow two main strategic approaches to improve SEBR: 8 they either elicit some type of reflex blinking or they aim at influencing the regulation of the 9 central blinking "pacemaker", which has been shown to be highly sensitive to the cognitive 10 demands of the undergoing task [18][19][20][21]. It may be assumed that strategies relying on a 11 sustained contribution of reflex blinking might be graded by participants as more intrusive 12 than those based on subtle modulations of the activity of the internal "pacemaker" [28].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of transient blur and VDT screen luminance changes on eyeblink rate

Cardona

Gómez

Quevedo

et al. 2014

Contact Lens and Anterior Eye

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2Purpose: A study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of three different strategies aiming at 3 increasing spontaneous eyeblink rate (SEBR) during computer use. 4Methods: A total of 12 subjects (5 female) with a mean age of 28.7 years were instructed to 5 read a text presented on a computer display terminal during 15 minutes. Four reading sessions 6 (reference and three "blinking events" [BE]) were programmed in which SEBR was digitally 7 recorded. "Blinking events" were based on either a slight distortion of the text characters or on 8 the presentation of a white screen instead of the text, with or without accompanying blinking 9 instructions. All BE had a duration of 20 ms and occurred every 15 s. Participants graded the 10 intrusiveness of each BE configuration, and the number of lines participants read in each 11 session was recorded. 12Results: Data from 11 subjects was analysed. A statistically significant difference in SEBR was 13 encountered between the experimental configuration consisting on a white screen plus 14 blinking instructions (7.8 blinks/min) and both reference (5.2 blinks/min; p = 0.049) and white 15 screen without blinking instructions (4.8 blinks/min; p = 0.038). All three BE had superior levels 16 of intrusiveness than reference conditions, although the performance of participants (line 17 count) was not compromised. 18

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 81%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of transient blur and VDT screen luminance changes on eyeblink rate

Cardona

Gómez

Quevedo

et al. 2014

Contact Lens and Anterior Eye

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“…computer screens, computer environments, human eyes, computer users, and computer tasks (18). Blinking plays an important role in maintaining the integrity of the ocular surface, and the occurrence of dry eye symptoms can be associated with decreased blink rate (19). A reduced blinking rate contributes to a poor tear film quality and temporarily stresses the cornea, and may lead in symptoms of dry eye that can be easily managed by applying lubricating eye drops or artificial tears (20,21).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Computer Vision Syndrome in Eleven to Eighteen-Year-Old Students in Qazvin

Khalaj¹,

Ebrahimi²,

Shojai³

et al. 2015

Biotech Health Sci

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Background: Prolonged use of computers can lead to complications such as eye strain, eye and head aches, double and blurred vision, tired eyes, irritation, burning and itching eyes, eye redness, light sensitivity, dry eyes, muscle strains, and other problems. Objectives: The aim of the present study was to evaluate visual problems and major symptoms, and their associations among computer users, aged between 11 and 18 years old, residing in the Qazvin city of Iran, during year 2010. Patients and Methods: This cross-sectional study was done on 642 secondary to pre university students who had referred to the eye clinic of Buali hospital of Qazvin during year 2013. A questionnaire consisting of demographic information and 26 questions on visual effects of the computer was used to gather information. Participants answered all questions and then underwent complete eye examinations and in some cases cycloplegic refraction. Visual acuity (VA) was measured with a logMAR in six meters. Refraction errors were determined using an auto refractometer (Potece and Heine retinoscope). The collected data was then analyzed using the SPSS statistical software. Results:The results of this study indicated that 63.86% of the subjects had refractive errors. Refractive errors were significantly different in children of different genders (P < 0.05). The most common complaints associated with the continuous use of computers were eyestrain, eye pain, eye redness, headache, and blurred vision. The most prevalent (81.8%) eye-related problem in computer users was eyestrain and the least prevalent was dry eyes (7.84%). In order to reduce computer related problems 54.2% of the participants suggested taking enough rest, 37.9% recommended use of computers only for necessary tasks, while 24.4% and 19.1% suggested the use of monitor shields and proper working distance, respectively. Conclusions: Our findings revealed that using computers for prolonged periods of time can lead to eye-related problems such as eyestrain, headaches, weak and tired eyes, blurred and double vision, weak vision, burning itching and watery eyes, etc. To correct and reduce these problems the following precautions may be helpful, using computer shields (anti-reflex glasses), proper computer workplace illumination, enough rest after working with computers, appropriate viewing distances during computer work, placing computers far from bright objects and adjusting a line of vision with the top of the monitor.

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“…Thus, on the one hand, increasing cognitive demands have been reported to result in a reduction in SBR, both during computer tasks [7][8][9][10][11] and other activities such as reading or watching a video story. 4,5 On the other hand, blinks tend to be associated with large gaze shifts, rather than saccades of smaller amplitude such as those involved in reading, 20,21 partially contributing to sustaining visual stability through momentary suppression of visual input, 16,17 which is particularly relevant for large gaze shifts, were saccadic suppression is less effective.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…4 In addition, a similar reduction in blinking frequency with increasing task complexity has been evidenced in relation to computer use, a field in which spontaneous blinking has been extensively studied in order to understand and alleviate the symptomatology associated with the traditionally known as ''computer vision syndrome''. [7][8][9][10][11] Interestingly, from a different perspective, the increased blink rate observed in studies investigating behavioral indicators of fatigue and drowsiness has been related to a cessation of the attention-driven inhibitor of blinks.…”

Section: Q1mentioning

confidence: 99%