Characteristics of the nucleation and growth of template-free polyaniline nanowires and fibrils

Concentration-dependent growth and morphology of doped polyaniline nanowires

“…The effect of monomer concentration on the morphology of the PANi nanowires synthesised by SGM is reported for the first time. Unlike the oriented growth of nanowires on gold and platinum substrates, the growth on titanium substrate is more similar to that on stainless steel and indium tin oxide substrate, reported in [17].…”

“…This method can be utilised to deposit individually addressable arrays of the nanostructured conducting polymer between the lithographically patterned electrodes. The range of morphologies produced during the PANi deposition under step galvanostatic conditions on different substrates, and depending upon the polymerisation current, have been well reported by Kemp et al [17]. Metals such as platinum and gold produced wellstructured nanowires with a high degree of directional alignment and fewer polymer fibrils.…”

“…Also, none of the SEM images reveals a 2D growth at the initial or later stages; the growth is exclusively 1D. This type of technologically important '1D growth' is not observed on other substrates such as platinum and gold [17], which may also be of technological importance. At lower concentrations of the monomer, the density of the wires formed per unit deposition area was found to be higher, which indicates that at higher concentration, the tendency of the polymer is to get deposited over the already-existing nanowire, thereby leading to the secondary superstructure growth.…”

Synthesis of dendritic polyaniline nanofibers by using soft template of sodium alginate

“…In the recent years, several techniques for synthesizing PANI nanostructures have been developed including template synthesis, 26 template-free synthesis, 27 seeding polymerization, 28,29 interfacial polymerization, [30][31][32] rapid mixing polymerization, 33 electrospinning, 34 and electrochemical polymerization. 35,36 Template method introduces ''structural directors'' in the polymerization bath that dictates the PANI nanostructures morphology.…”

Electropolymerized Films of π‐Conjugated Polymers. A Tool for Surface Functionalization: A Brief Historical Evolution and Recent Trends

“…The recent use of ionic liquids [249,250] for the electrosynthesis of ICPs has boosted the renewal of electrochemical applications, which suffered from a lack of stability toward electrochemical cycling such as batteries, supercapacitors [251], artificial muscles [252], or sensors [253,254]. In addition, the one-step elaboration (without template) of ICP-based nanostructures [255] such as nanowires [256][257][258] is also exploited in similar applications [259].…”