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Recent years have been characterized by a further drop in real incomes of Russians and the spread of pessimism among them regarding their material situation (after a short-term growth of optimistic expectations during the presidential campaign). The current situation in Russia in this area can be described as “negative stabilization”, because, although the decrease in the population’s incomes has stopped, they have stabilized at a lower level than prior to the crisis of 2014–2016. Groups which differ in the dynamics of their material situation starting from 2014 also differ in the specifics of their composition and positions in the system of monetary and especially non-monetary inequalities. The higher an individual’s place in the social hierarchy of life chances, the higher the likelihood of him being in an upward mobility group and the lower the chances of winding up in a group with downward mobility, and vice versa. For the evolution prospects of Russian society’s stratification model this means an increasing polarization of the mass strata of the population. However, so far these processes proceed at a moderate pace and affect the “top” rather than the “bottom” of these strata. The most significant factors determining Russians’ assessments of the dynamics of their material situation are their health, type of locus-control and planning horizon — personal characteristics that affect the ability of developing and implementing effective adaptation strategies. The high importance of personal factors for the dynamics of one’s material situation indicates the crisis nature of modern Russian society, since for crisis societies personal qualities of an individual are more important for the vector of his mobility than structural factors or human and social capital.
Recent years have been characterized by a further drop in real incomes of Russians and the spread of pessimism among them regarding their material situation (after a short-term growth of optimistic expectations during the presidential campaign). The current situation in Russia in this area can be described as “negative stabilization”, because, although the decrease in the population’s incomes has stopped, they have stabilized at a lower level than prior to the crisis of 2014–2016. Groups which differ in the dynamics of their material situation starting from 2014 also differ in the specifics of their composition and positions in the system of monetary and especially non-monetary inequalities. The higher an individual’s place in the social hierarchy of life chances, the higher the likelihood of him being in an upward mobility group and the lower the chances of winding up in a group with downward mobility, and vice versa. For the evolution prospects of Russian society’s stratification model this means an increasing polarization of the mass strata of the population. However, so far these processes proceed at a moderate pace and affect the “top” rather than the “bottom” of these strata. The most significant factors determining Russians’ assessments of the dynamics of their material situation are their health, type of locus-control and planning horizon — personal characteristics that affect the ability of developing and implementing effective adaptation strategies. The high importance of personal factors for the dynamics of one’s material situation indicates the crisis nature of modern Russian society, since for crisis societies personal qualities of an individual are more important for the vector of his mobility than structural factors or human and social capital.
The economic crisis caused by the pandemic has had a profound impact on the economic situation and the employment of Russians. However the most common among its consequences appeared to be pay cuts and increased workload rather than the transition to telecommuting. The social security of employees has also decreased. Meanwhile certain effects of the crisis were present within different professional groups to varying degrees. Manual workers, especially those employed in the private sector of the economy, were, relatively speaking, more prone to face the most severe consequences. Working Russians’ situation deteriorated parallel to a further decline in their resourcefulness. From this perspective, the working portion of the general population is divided into three groups: high-resource managers and professionals; semi-professionals and ordinary office personnel occupying an intermediate position in terms of their recourses; mostly low-resource and no-resource trade and manual workers. Since the gains on resources in Russia for members of the mass layer of the population are relatively small and tend to decline in all of them, the role of the labor market in the strategies that Russians employ in order to improve their well-being is gradually decreasing, while the spread of passive and non-constructive strategies is growing. The low resourcefulness of the country’s general population also causes universality of means to improve material status among members of different professional groups. At the same time, within the different professional groups individual resourcefulness significantly affects the choice of means for improving material status, or the refusal to take any actions for that purpose. This, taking into account the specifics of the resources possessed by members of different professional groups, ensures their unequal resistance to consequences of the crisis and different effectiveness of their actions when it comes to improving their situation, which leads to the differences between them deepening even further.
The article presents the results of the analysis of the features of self-identification of Russian citizens in the power space of the post-Soviet society. The empirical base of the study is formed by the data of the Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey (RLMS-HSE) by HSE University (1994–2020). The study revealed a positive, but very moderate and not always consistent dynamics of Russian citizens' assessments of their position in the power space. However, despite the fact that Russians have become more optimistic about their ability to influence current events, many of them still feel that they are not active subjects, but rather passive and helpless objects in the system of power relations. There has been established a significant negative, but not strong, correlation between self-assessment of power status and age, as well as a more significant positive correlation between subjective power status and the level of education and professional status closely related to it. Self-assessment of power status is enhanced by individuals´ belonging to professional groups, whose representatives are more associated with prestigious, highly skilled and highly paid work. A positive correlation has been established between a person's self-determination in the power space and the level of his involvement in professional activities, especially in those with leadership and management functions. A positive correlation is clearly recorded between self-assessment of power status and assessment of the level of respect by others, but the strongest is the relationship between assessments of one's position on the power scales and material well-being. Possession of power expands the resource base of an individual and increases his chances of success in realising life goals. A positive perception of one's professional qualities and achievements, participation in various forms of social and political life significantly increases self-assessment of power status. The most significant factors acting in the opposite direction include the cessation of full communication with other people.
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