CHARACTERIZATION AND CATALYTIC ACTIVITY OF K2CO3/Al2O3IN THE TRANSESTERIFICATION OF SUNFLOWER OIL IN CONVENTIONAL AND MICROWAVE HEATING

Gama, Paola E.; Lachter, Elizabeth R.; Gil, Rosane A. S. San; Coelho, Aline V.; Sidi, Isadora A.; Poubel, Rodrigo L.; Faro, Arnaldo C.; Souza, Andréa Luzia F. de

doi:10.5935/0100-4042.20140300

Cited by 2 publications

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“…Heterogeneous base catalysts overcome a number of obstacles, including saponification, which prevents glycerol from separating from the methyl ester surface. In contrast, these catalysts have promising advantages such as environmental friendliness, reduced waste material harm, non-corrosiveness, selectivity, tolerance of high [64][65][66][67]. The oxide catalysts exhibit high yields and stability in the transesterification process [68,69].…”

Section: Heterogeneous Base Catalystsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Developments in Catalysts for Biodiesel Production Applications

Alemu¹,

Alemu²

2024

Advanced Biodiesel - Technological Advances, Challenges, and Sustainability Considerations

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The world’s most urgent problem today is the quick depletion of energy resources, which necessitates research into alternative energy sources in order to meet the world’s explosive growth in energy demand. Among other renewable energy sources, biodiesel holds promise for meeting energy demand at a low cost through a variety of processes. In the biodiesel industry, sophisticated catalysts have recently grown in popularity for their ability to activate esterification and transesterification processes. The goal of this chapter is to give a general overview of catalyst developments, including their benefits and drawbacks in the biodiesel production process. In particular, we present a comparison of various homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts. We found that nanocatalysts hold the most promise for the production of biodiesel.

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Section: Heterogeneous Base Catalystsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Developments in Catalysts for Biodiesel Production Applications

Alemu¹,

Alemu²

2024

Advanced Biodiesel - Technological Advances, Challenges, and Sustainability Considerations

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“…Examples are the transesterification of FAME using a solid support such as silica alumina conan, alkali earth metals oxides, mixed metal oxides [300], transition metal oxides [301], and ion exchange resins [45]. Alkali metal compounds supported on alumina or zeolite are used in chemical reactions including isomerization, aldol condensation, knoevenagel condensation, Michael condensation, oxidation and transesterification [302].…”

Section: Production Of Biodiesel With Acid and Base Heterogeneous Catalystsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of sustainable biodiesel production using biomass derived heterogeneous catalysts

Maroa

Inambao

2021

Engineering in Life Sciences

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The production of biodiesel through chemical production processes of transesterification reaction depends on suitable catalysts to hasten the chemical reactions. Therefore, the initial selection of catalysts is critical although it is also dependent on the quantity of free fatty acids in a given sample of oil. Earlier forms of biodiesel production processes relied on homogeneous catalysts, which have undesirable effects such as toxicity, high flammability, corrosion, by-products such as soap and glycerol, and high wastewater. Heterogeneous catalysts overcome most of these problems. Recent developments involve novel approaches using biomass and bio-waste resource derived heterogeneous catalysts. These catalysts are renewable, non-toxic, reusable, offer high catalytic activity and stability in both acidic and base conditions, and show high tolerance properties to water. This review work critically reviews biomass-based heterogeneous catalysts, especially those utilized in sustainable production of biofuel and biodiesel. This review examines the sustainability of these catalysts in literature in terms of small-scale laboratory and industrial applications in large-scale biodiesel and biofuel production. Furthermore, this work will critically review natural heterogeneous biomass waste and bio-waste catalysts in relation to upcoming nanotechnologies. Finally, this work will review the gaps identified in the literature for heterogeneous catalysts derived from biomass and other biocatalysts with a view to identifying future prospects for heterogeneous catalysts.Abbreviations: Al 2 O 3 , aluminum oxide; Ba, barium; BaO, barium oxide; C=O, carbonyl group; Ca, calcium; Ca 10 (PO 4 ) 6 (OH) 2 , HAP, hydroxyapatite; Ca 2 FeO 5 , calcium ferrite oxide; CaCO 3 , calcium carbonate; CaMg (CO 3 )2, dolomite; CaMnO 3 , orthorhombic perovskite; CaO, calcium oxide; CaO-CeO 2 , cerium (IV) oxide; CaTiO 3 , calcium titanate; CaZrO 3 , calcium zirconate; CH 3 OK, potassium methoxide; CH 3 ONa, sodium methoxide; CO 2 , carbon dioxide; COOH, carboxylic group; CsZrO 2 , chitoson zirconium oxide; DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid; FAAE, fatty acid alkyl esters; FAME, fatty acid methyl ester; Fe 3 O 4 , magnetic oxide (magnetite); FeCl 3 , ferric chloride; FFA, free fatty acid; FTIR, Fourier transform infrared; H 2 SO 4 , sulfuric acid; H 3 PO 4 , phosphoric acid; HCL, hydrochloric acid; HCs, hydrocarbons; HTHP, higher temperatures and pressure; K 2 CO 3 , potassium carbonate; K 2 O, potassium oxide; KF, potassium fluoride; KI, potassium iodide; KNO 3 , potassium nitrate; KOH, potassium hydroxide; La 2 O 3 , lanthanum oxide; Li/ZnO, lithium (Li) doped zinc oxide;

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CHARACTERIZATION AND CATALYTIC ACTIVITY OF K₂CO₃/Al₂O₃IN THE TRANSESTERIFICATION OF SUNFLOWER OIL IN CONVENTIONAL AND MICROWAVE HEATING

Cited by 2 publications

References 0 publications

Recent Developments in Catalysts for Biodiesel Production Applications

Recent Developments in Catalysts for Biodiesel Production Applications

A review of sustainable biodiesel production using biomass derived heterogeneous catalysts

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