Characterization and cross calibration of Agfa D4, D7, and D8 and Kodak SR45 x-ray films against direct exposure film at 4.0–5.5keV

Abstract

Kodak direct exposure film (DEF) [B. L. Henke et al., J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 3, 1540 (1986)] has been the standard for moderate energy (1–10keV) x-ray diagnostic applications among the high-energy-density and inertial confinement fusion research communities. However, market forces have prompted Kodak to discontinue production of DEF, leaving these specialized communities searching for a replacement. We have conducted cross-calibration experiments and film characterizations on five possible substitutes for Kodak DEF. The film types studied were Kodak’s Biomax MR (BMR) and SR45 along with Agfa’s D8, D7, and D4sc. None of the films tested matched the speed of DEF. BMR and D8 were closest but D8 exhibited lower noise, with superior resolution and dynamic range. Agfa D7, Agfa D4sc, and Kodak SR45 were significantly less sensitive than BMR and D8, however, the improvements they yielded in resolution and dynamic range warrant their use if experimental constraints allow.

Hybrid Monte-Carlo method for simulating neutron and photon radiography

“…In the DCM submodel, we used twenty energy bins per pixel and in the SM submodel, we simplified the penetrameter geometries by removing the cylindrical holes. For the film noise model, we used dose to optical density from 13 and film grain data given by Segal et al 16 and Lanier et al 18 which is presented in Table II.…”

Highly resolved measurements of defect evolution under heated-and-shocked conditions

“…This is because high sensitivity often requires filtration, which lowers the photon count per pixel, resulting in noisier images. 10 Although the planar nature of this platform will not capture the effects of convergence on an ignition capsule defect, its versatility provides significant advantages over studies conducted in a fully integrated geometry. 11 By diagnosing the defect evolution without looking through a hot converging shell, a quantitative measurement of the epoxy layer density is achieved.…”

Measurement and simulation of jet mass caused by a high-aspect ratio hole perturbation

“…13 As stated previously, the x-ray data were obtained on AGFA D7 film. Although there is no absolute calibration for exposure levels of the D7 film, relative calibrations of D7 to Kodak DEF film have been performed 14,15 and can be used to convert the exposure levels of the D7 film to intensities in order to determine the transmission.…”