Characterization and leaching of NiCd and NiMH spent batteries for the recovery of metals

Pietrelli, Loris; Bellomo, B.; Fontana, Danilo; Montereali, Maria Rita

doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2004.12.013

Cited by 97 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Co was the second most abundant electrode metal element in the cylindrical and cell phone NiMH batteries. The amount of rare earth elements was higher in the investigated cylindrical NiMH battery (58.8%) than in the cell phone NiMH batteries (43.1-53.4%) and AB5 battery (16.4%), and was comparable with that in monazite (Pietrelli et al, 2005). The Zr content found in this study was lower than that in the anode of AB2 (39%); the Cd content was smaller than that in the electrodes of the cell phone NiMH batteries (~10-12%) (Bertuol et al (2006)).…”

Section: Metal Contents Of Individual Componentsmentioning

confidence: 61%

“…The percentages (6-10%) of REEs (Ce, La, Nd, and Pr) found in the German batteries were lower than that found for the Taiwanese cylindrical cell (17.3%) (Ce, La, and Y). Table 5 shows the electrode active metal compositions of the cylindrical NiMH battery investigated in this study and those of different batteries reported in previous works (AB5 and AB2 batteries [Pietrelli et al, 2005] and cell phone NiMH batteries [Bertuol et al, 2006[Bertuol et al, , 2009). It is interesting to note that Co, Ni, Mn, and REEs are the common electrode active materials for the cylindrical NiMH, AB5, AB2, and cell phone NiMH batteries.…”

Section: Metal Contents Of Individual Componentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Bertuol et al (2006) investigated the chemical composition of spent NiMH batteries and metal recovery through mechanical processing, and found that while magnetic separation is an efficient way to recover nickel alloy, there is still a problem with regard to cadmium contamination. Hydrometallurgical methods can also be used to recover metals from batteries, and acid leaching may be used to extract metals from spent NiMH and NiCd batteries (Pietrelli et al, 2005). Li et al (2009) developed a hydrometallurgical procedure that achieved >98% efficiency for the recovery of Ni, Co, and REEs from spent NiMH batteries, when approached >99% of the same metal composition by a sequential sulfuric acid leaching and selective precipitations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Characterization of spent nickel–metal hydride batteries and a preliminary economic evaluation of the recovery processes

Lin

Huang

Wang

et al. 2015

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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Valuable metal materials can be recovered from spent nickel-metal hydride (NiMH) batteries. However, little attention has been paid to the metal compositions of individual components of NiMH batteries, although this is important for the selection of the appropriate recycling process. In this study, NiMH batteries were manually disassembled to identify the components and to characterize the metals in each of these. A preliminary economic analysis was also conducted to evaluate the recovery of valuable metals from spent NiMH batteries using thermal melting versus simple mechanical separation. The results of this study show that metallic components account for more than 60% of battery weight. The contents of Ni, Fe, Co, and rare earth elements (REEs) (i.e., valuable metals of interest for recovery) in a single battery were 17.9%, 15.4%, 4.41%, and 17.3%, respectively. Most of the Fe was in the battery components of the steel cathode collector, cathode cap, and anode metal grid, while Ni (>90%) and Co (>90%) were mainly in the electrode active materials (anode and cathode metal powders). About 1.88 g of REEs (Ce, La, and Y) could be obtained from one spent NiMH battery. The estimated profits from recovering valuable metals from spent NiMH batteries by using thermal melting and mechanical processes are 2,329 and 2,531 USD/ton, respectively, when including a subsidy of 1,710 USD/ton. The findings of this study are very useful for further research related to technical and economic evaluations of the recovery of valuable metals from spent NiMH batteries.Implications: The spent nickel-metal hydride (NiMH) batteries were manually disassembled and their components were identified. The metals account for more than 60% of battery weight, when Ni, Fe, Co, and rare earth elements (REEs) were 17.9%, 15.4%, 4.41%, and 17.3%, respectively, in a single battery. The estimated profits of recovering valuable metals from NiMH batteries by using thermal melting and mechanical processing are 2,329 and 2,531 USD/ton, respectively, when including a subsidy of 1,710 USD/ton. These findings are very useful to develop or select the recovery methods of valuable metals from spent NiMH batteries.PAPER HISTORY

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Section: Metal Contents Of Individual Componentsmentioning

confidence: 61%

Section: Metal Contents Of Individual Componentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Characterization of spent nickel–metal hydride batteries and a preliminary economic evaluation of the recovery processes

Lin

Huang

Wang

et al. 2015

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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“…Most of these studies have been based on hydrometallurgical treatments (Lupi and Pilone, 2002;Tzuanetakis and Scott, 2004 Pietrelli et al, 2005). Nickel and Fe could be recovered from used batteries for use in the steel industry.…”

Section: Sound Management Optionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Heavy metal characterization of waste portable rechargeable batteries used in mobile phones

Nnorom

Osibanjo

2009

Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Ten brands of spent portable rechargeable batteries used in mobile phones (lithium-ion and nickel metal hydride) were collected and disassembled and the battery electrode and printed wiring board prepared using the EPA Method 3050B. The metal concentrations were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. The mean (± standard deviation) concentrations and range of cobalt, chromium, nickel and cadmium in the battery electrodes were 361284±32281mg/kg (range 20870-575330 mg/kg); 25.3 ± 4.6 mg/kg (7.9-149 mg/kg); 75272 ± 14630 mg/kg (3589-266607 mg/kg) and 2.8 ± 0.6 mg/kg (0.2-16.3 mg/kg), respectively. Similarly, the mean values of cobalt, chromium, nickel and cadmium in the PWB were 564 ± 165 mg/kg (56.1-4068 mg/kg); 28.1 ± 4.0 mg/kg (ND-97.2 mg/kg); 735 ± 188 mg/kg (22.7-2727 mg/kg) and 1.8 ± 0.3 mg/kg (ND-7.2 mg/kg), respectively. The Li-ion battery electrodes contained significantly higher levels of cobalt (p < 0.01) whereas, the NiMH battery contained significantly higher nickel (P < 0.01). All the results for the cobalt and nickel levels in the battery electrodes exceeded the toxicity threshold limit concentration used in the toxicity characterization of solid wastes (cobalt, 8000 mg/kg; nickel , 2000 mg/kg). In fact, the mean cobalt level of the battery electrode is about 45 times the toxicity threshold limit concentration limit for cobalt while the mean nickel result is about 38 times the toxicity threshold limit concentration. Spent portable rechargeable batteries should be handled as toxic materials that require special treatment. Implementation of a well-coordinated management strategy for spent batteries is urgently required to check the dissipation of large doses of toxic heavy metals and rare earth into the environment.

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“…Pyrometallurgical process has been associated with high air emission of dioxins, chloride compounds and mercury, and therefore requires strict standard for air filtration systems to avoid pollution. It was used as pre-treatment for waste batteries before leaching process, especially to remove Hg, papers and plastics under a controlled atmosphere Johnson and Derrick, 2010;Pietrelli et al, 2005) …”

Section: Pyrolysis or Pyrometallurgical Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

Battery Recycling Technologies: Recycling Waste Lithium Ion Batteries with the Impact on the Environment In-View

Bankole¹,

Cheng²,

Lei³

2013

JEE

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This survey is to review the advancement recorded so far in the lithium-ion battery recycling technologies in compliance with environmental laws. Amongst many of the technologies used to date, the best is the use of simple but scale-up dissolution technology involving non-toxic suitable organic solvents that can effectively dissolve toxic binder, PVdF in battery to avoid much pollution. Pollution through the hydrolysis of LiPF 6 from the lithium-ion battery can also be minimized through conversion to useful compounds instead of using Journal of Environment and Ecology

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Characterization and leaching of NiCd and NiMH spent batteries for the recovery of metals

Cited by 97 publications

References 7 publications

Characterization of spent nickel–metal hydride batteries and a preliminary economic evaluation of the recovery processes

Characterization of spent nickel–metal hydride batteries and a preliminary economic evaluation of the recovery processes

Heavy metal characterization of waste portable rechargeable batteries used in mobile phones

Battery Recycling Technologies: Recycling Waste Lithium Ion Batteries with the Impact on the Environment In-View

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