Characterization and pathogenic role of outer membrane vesicles produced by the fish pathogen Piscirickettsia salmonis under in vitro conditions

Oliver, Cristian; Valenzuela, Karla; Hernández, Mauricio; Sandoval, Rodrigo; Haro, Ronie E.; Avendaño‐Herrera, Rubén; Cárcamo, Juan G.; Villar, Maite T.; Artigues, Antonio; Garduño, Rafael A.; Yáñez, Alejandro J.

doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.09.012

Cited by 38 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Similar OMV structures were also observed when the bacterium was grown in liquid media and HspP60 (heat shock protein) likely from the bacteria was found in these vesicles (30) (Figure 3). …”

Section: Pathogenesis Of Infectionsupporting

confidence: 64%

“…More recently, it has been proposed that P. salmonis delivers some of its virulence factors via or by outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) to the infected cell (30). Similar OMV structures were also observed when the bacterium was grown in liquid media and HspP60 (heat shock protein) likely from the bacteria was found in these vesicles (30) (Figure 3).…”

Section: Pathogenesis Of Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Immunization Strategies against Piscirickettsia salmonis Infections: Review of Vaccination Approaches and Modalities and Their Associated Immune Response Profiles

Evensen

2016

Front. Immunol.

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Salmonid rickettsial septicemia (SRS) is a serious, infectious disease in Chilean salmon farming caused by Piscirickettsia salmonis, causing heavy losses to the salmonid industry. P. salmonis belongs to the Gammaproteobacteria, order Thiotrichales. SRS was first described in Chile in 1989, and infection with P. salmonis has since been described from a high number of fish species and in several geographic regions globally. P. salmonis infection of salmonids causes multifocal, necrotic areas of internal organs such as liver, kidney, and spleen. Histologically and immunologically, the tissue response is the formation of granulomas, often with central suppuration. The exact sequence of infection is not known, but bacteria likely gain access to internal organs through mucosal surfaces and when infected, fish carry bacteria in macrophages. It has not been fully determined if the bacterium resides in the cytosol or “hide” within vesicular structures intracellularly, although there are indications that in vitro infection results in actin reorganization and formation of actin-coated vesicle within which the bacterium resides. Protection against lethal challenge is well documented in lab scale experiments, but protection from vaccination has proven more difficult to attain long term under field conditions. Current vaccination protocols include whole cell, inactivated and adjuvanted vaccines for injection for primary immunization followed by oral boost where timing of boost delivery is followed by measuring circulating antibody levels against the pathogen. Documentation also exist that there is correlation between antibody titers and protection against mortality. Future vaccination regimes will likely also include live-attenuated vaccines or other technologies such as DNA vaccination. So far, there is no documentation available for live vaccines and, for DNA vaccines, studies have been unsuccessful under laboratory conditions.

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Section: Pathogenesis Of Infectionsupporting

confidence: 64%

Section: Pathogenesis Of Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunization Strategies against Piscirickettsia salmonis Infections: Review of Vaccination Approaches and Modalities and Their Associated Immune Response Profiles

Evensen

2016

Front. Immunol.

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“…Finally, the cytotoxicity of different membrane vesicle concentrations purified from P. salmonis LF‐89 was confirmed on CHSE‐214 cells and mortality of zebrafish (Oliver et al . , ). Furthermore, the proteome of purified membrane vesicles from the P. salmonis LF‐89 type strain, unidentified putative virulence‐related proteins were identified in P. salmonis membrane vesicles, such as the outer‐membrane porin F, haemolysin, toxin subunit 1 and the heat‐labile enterotoxin alpha chain (Oliver et al .…”

Section: Piscirickettsia Salmonismentioning

confidence: 99%

Addressing viral and bacterial threats to salmon farming in Chile: historical contexts and perspectives for management and control

Figueroa

Cárcamo

Yáñez

et al. 2019

Reviews in Aquaculture

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The rapid growth of the salmon farming industry in Chile has led to the appearance of various viral, bacterial, parasitic, and fungal pathogens affecting farmed fish. The Chilean salmon industry has suffered several health crises associated with high fish mortalities, such as caused by the infectious salmon anaemia virus (2007) and harmful algal blooms (2016). In addition to these events, marine farms are continuously affected by outbreaks of harmful pathogens, including the bacteria Piscirickettsia salmonis and, most recently, a reappearance of Renibacterium salmoninarum, and the infectious pancreatic necrosis virus. These outbreaks have led to stricter regulations, but the salmon farming industry continues to struggle despite reforms. In addition to the aforementioned pathogens, which are a continuous threat, other apparently under control pathogens have also reappeared in recent years. In this review, we analyse the current state of knowledge on four of the main pathogens affecting salmon farming in Chile. The infectious pancreatic necrosis virus is relevant as it affects freshwater‐stage fish, with survivors then acting as carriers. The infectious salmon anaemia virus currently appears to be under control; however, P. salmonis and R. salmoninarum continue to be the cause for high mortalities in the Chilean aquaculture industry.

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“…The functions of OMVs vary and are associated with vesicle composition, where proteins are mainly responsible for increasing invasive abilities, and enzymes facilitate the infective process (Jan, 2017). A number of bacterial marine pathogens present OMVs, including Vibrio parahaemolyticus (Kondo, Takade, & Amako, 1993), Vibrio anguillarum (Hong et al, 2009), Francisella noatunensis (Bakkemo et al, 2011), Vibrio fischeri (Aschtgen et al, 2016) , and Piscirickettsia salmonis (Oliver et al, 2016). The majority of these organisms belong to the Vibrio genus, whereas the remaining microorganisms are recognized facultative intracellular pathogens.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification and characterization of outer membrane vesicles from the fish pathogen Vibrio ordalii

Echeverría-Bugueño

Espinosa-Lemunao

Irgang

et al. 2020

Journal of Fish Diseases

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Vibriosis outbreaks due to Vibrio ordalii occur globally, but Chilean salmon aquaculture, in particular, has suffered significant monetary losses in the last 15 years. Little is known about the virulence mechanisms employed by V. ordalii. However, most Vibrio pathogens (e.g., Vibrio anguillarum, a very close taxonomic species) present outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) that are released extracellularly and implicated in the delivery of virulence factors to host cells. This study provides the first reported evidence of the fish pathogen V. ordalii producing and releasing OMVs under normal growth conditions. Analyses were conducted with the V. ordalii strain Vo‐LM‐18 and the type strain ATCC 33509T. For comparative purposes, the reference strain V. anguillarum ATCC 43307 was employed. The average size for the three Vibrio strains was 0.215 ± 0.6 µm (via scanning electron microscopy) or between 0.19 and 1.8 µm (via dynamic light scattering), with each bacterium presenting a wide range. SDS‐PAGE revealed similarities in OMV patterns, but neither total nor external proteins were identical. Comparing V. ordalii ATCC 33509T and Vo‐LM‐18, bands were most evident in the total proteins, and the greatest degree of similarity in OMV profiles was between 37 and 50 kDa. The purified OMVs demonstrated haemolytic enzyme activity, which could play a role during V. ordalii infection. These data represent an initial step towards gaining new insights into this virulence factor, of which a lot is known in other pathogenic microorganisms.

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Characterization and pathogenic role of outer membrane vesicles produced by the fish pathogen Piscirickettsia salmonis under in vitro conditions

Cited by 38 publications

References 33 publications

Immunization Strategies against Piscirickettsia salmonis Infections: Review of Vaccination Approaches and Modalities and Their Associated Immune Response Profiles

Immunization Strategies against Piscirickettsia salmonis Infections: Review of Vaccination Approaches and Modalities and Their Associated Immune Response Profiles

Addressing viral and bacterial threats to salmon farming in Chile: historical contexts and perspectives for management and control

Identification and characterization of outer membrane vesicles from the fish pathogen Vibrio ordalii

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