Characterization and source apportionment of ambient air particulate matter (PM2.5) in Karachi

Mansha, Muhammad; Ghauri, Badar; Rahman, Said; Amman, Arif

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.10.056

Cited by 143 publications

(75 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Furthermore, compared to the NCANHP, the concentrations of Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ti, Zn, and Pb increased by 0.02, 0.02, 0.34, 0.02, 0.02, 0.28, and 0.07 µg m −3 , respectively, and the P i−heating values of these species were 72.7, 33.1, 34.4, 21.0, 45.8, 48.3, and 36.2 %, respectively, during the NCAHP. Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ti, Zn, and Pb were closely related to industrial sources (Kabala and Singh, 2001;Morishita et al, 2011;Mansha et al, 2012;Liu et al, 2015;Yao et al, 2016); thus, the industrial emissions might have a higher influence on PM 2.5 during the NCAHP than during the NCANHP. Also, it might be closely associated with the unfavourable meteorological factors (Table 1 and Fig.…”

Section: Variations In Chemical Speciesmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…The contribution proportions of factor 4 to PM 2.5 increased from 26.2 % (51.7 µg m −3 ) during the WY, 28.0 % (63.2 µg m −3 ) during the NCANHP, and 29.5 % (84.0 µg m −3 ) during the NCAHP to 31.7 % (85.2 µg m −3 ) during the CAHP, and lightly increased to 32.6 % (96.3 µg m −3 ) during the ACA. Factor 5 was identified as industrial emissions, with high loadings of Cr (66.7 %), Cu (63.7 %), Fe (83.2 %), Mn (51.3 %), Ti (70.0 %), Zn (69.2 %), Pb (42.1 %), and Cl − (41.0 %) (Morishita et al, 2011;Mansha et al, 2012;Almeida et al, 2015;Liu et al, 2015;Liu et al, 2016;Yao et al, 2016). The contribution proportions of factor 5 to PM 2.5 ranged from 5.0 % (11.3 µg m −3 ) during the NCANHP and 5.1 % (10.0 µg m −3 ) during the WY to 5.9 % (16.7 µg m −3 ) during the NCAHP, and decreased to 5.3 % (14.2 µg m −3 ) during the CAHP and 4.9 % (14.4 µg m −3 ) during the ACA.…”

Section: Variations In Pm 25 Source Contributionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effectiveness evaluation of temporary emission control action in 2016 in winter in Shijiazhuang, China

et al. 2018

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Abstract. To evaluate the environmental effectiveness of the control measures for atmospheric pollution in Shijiazhuang, China, a large-scale controlling experiment for emission sources of atmospheric pollutants (i.e. a temporary emission control action, TECA) was designed and implemented during 1 November 2016 to 9 January 2017. Compared to the no-control action and heating period (NCAHP), under unfavourable meteorological conditions, the mean concentrations of PM 2.5 , PM 10 , SO 2 , NO 2 , and chemical species (Si, Al, Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ ) in PM 2.5 during the control action and heating period (CAHP) still decreased by 8, 8, 5, 19, 30.3, 4.5, 47.0, and 45.2 %, respectively, indicating that the control measures for atmospheric pollution were effective. The effects of control measures in suburbs were better than those in urban area, especially for the control effects of particulate matter sources. The control effects for emission sources of carbon monoxide (CO) were not apparent during the TECA period, especially in suburbs, likely due to the increasing usage of domestic coal in suburbs along with the temperature decreasing.The results of positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis showed that crustal dust, secondary sources, vehicle emissions, coal combustion and industrial emissions were main PM 2.5 sources. Compared to the whole year (WY) and the no-control action and no-heating period (NCANHP), the contribution concentrations and proportions of coal combustion to PM 2.5 increased significantly during other stages of the TECA period. The contribution concentrations and proportions of crustal dust and vehicle emissions to PM 2.5 decreased noticeably during the CAHP compared to other stages of the TECA period. The contribution concentrations and proportions of industrial emissions to PM 2.5 during the CAHP decreased noticeably compared to the NCAHP. The pollutants' emission sources during the CAHP were in effective control, especially for crustal dust and vehicles. However, the necessary coal heating for the cold winter and the unfavourable meteorological conditions had an offset effect on the control measures for emission sources to some degree. The results also illustrated that the discharge of pollutants might still be enormous even under such strict control measures.

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Section: Variations In Chemical Speciesmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Variations In Pm 25 Source Contributionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effectiveness evaluation of temporary emission control action in 2016 in winter in Shijiazhuang, China

et al. 2018

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“…Lodhi et al (2009 (Economic Survey, 2009-10). Measurements showed that nitrate, sulfate, and ammonium were the largest components that contributed to PM 2.5 at Lahore Lodhi et al, 2009;Stone et al, 2010) and sulfate was the dominant species in PM 2.5 in Karachi (Ghauri et al, 1994;Mansha et al, 2012). These observational studies, however, were quite limited in terms of chemical species and spatial coverage of aerosols.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seasonal Variations of Aerosols in Pakistan: Contributions of Domestic Anthropogenic Emissions and Transboundary Transport

Shahid

Liao

et al. 2015

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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Air pollution has become a serious challenge for developing countries like Pakistan. Very scarce information is available regarding pollution levels in this geographic region. This study presents the first modelling work to simulate the spatial distribution and temporal variation of aerosol concentrations over Pakistan by using the Weather Research and Forecasting Model coupled with chemistry (WRF-Chem). Simulated aerosols species include sulfate, nitrate, ammonium, organic carbon, black carbon, and PM 2.5 (particles with a diameter of 2.5 μm or less), which are evaluated against groundbased observations and satellite measurements. In year 2006, simulated PM 2.5 concentrations averaged over northeastern Pakistan (71-74.5°E, 28-34°N) are 55, 48.5, 31.5, and 98 µg/m 3 in January, April, July, and October, respectively. The simulated highest PM 2.5 concentration in October results from the relatively low temperatures that favor nitrate formation as well as the lowest precipitation that leads to the smallest wet deposition of all aerosol species. The simulated lowest concentration of PM 2.5 in July can be attributed to the largest precipitation associated with the South Asian summer monsoon. Sensitivity studies show that transboundary transport contributes to PM 2.5 aerosol levels in northeastern Pakistan by 10-20% in January and April and by 10-40% in July and October of year 2006. Wind over India and Pakistan is found to be the major meteorological parameter that determines the transboundary aerosol transport.

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“…Al, Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn [87] From indoor and outdoor environment of various industrial and residential sites located in the metropolitan city of Lahore during December 2001 to January 2002 with sampling duration of 8-24 h Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb [47] In total, 402 samples were collected from an urban site of Karachi during January 2006 to January 2008 (three times per week) with sampling duration of 24 h Cd, Ba, K, Zn, Ni, As, Pb, Na, and Cr [93] In total, 84 samples were collected from commercial and residential areas of Rawalpindi and Islamabad for continuous sampling of 7 months with frequency of one sample per week Cd, Pb, Zn, Ba, Co, Fe, Cr, and Ce [54] From Karachi (urban site), Lahore (residential site), Rawalpindi (densely populated commercial site), and Peshawar (road site) during March and April of 2010…”

Section: Sampling Detail Major Species Analyzed Referencementioning

confidence: 99%

Traffic ‐and Industry‐Related Air Pollution Exposure Assessment in an Asian Megacity

Alvi

Chishtie

Shahid

et al. 2017

CLEAN Soil Air Water

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Like other Asian countries, Pakistan is facing the issue of air pollution due to rapid urbanization, enormous transportation increases, and other related human activities. Moreover, continuously increasing emission sources have not only raised pollutant concentrations but also their types, thus damaging both human health and the environment. Faisalabad is the third largest megacity of Pakistan and its state of air quality is getting worse due to factors such as industrialization, high traffic volumes, and extensive fossilfuel-burning activities. This review article aims to highlight the present status of air pollution in this city with special reference to particulate matter, elemental profiles, gaseous pollutants, organic-inorganic particulate contents as well as their sources. The concentration levels of these entities were also compared with other national and international cities, and related environmental standards. It is found that current levels of these pollutants are beyond safety limits as specified by various environment protection agencies and organizations. Several weak aspects and gaps are also identified along with suggestions for improvements of the present situation and directions for future research.

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Characterization and source apportionment of ambient air particulate matter (PM2.5) in Karachi

Cited by 143 publications

References 23 publications

Effectiveness evaluation of temporary emission control action in 2016 in winter in Shijiazhuang, China

Effectiveness evaluation of temporary emission control action in 2016 in winter in Shijiazhuang, China

Seasonal Variations of Aerosols in Pakistan: Contributions of Domestic Anthropogenic Emissions and Transboundary Transport

Traffic ‐and Industry‐Related Air Pollution Exposure Assessment in an Asian Megacity

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