Characterization of a highly resistant biomacromolecular material in the cell wall of a marine dinoflagellate resting cyst

Kokinos, John Peter; Eglinton, T. I.; Goñi, Miguel A.; Boon, Jaap J.; Martoglio, Pamela A; Anderson, Donald M.

doi:10.1016/s0146-6380(97)00134-4

Cited by 135 publications

(75 citation statements)

References 68 publications

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“…The data of Gofii et al (1998) are consistent with a higher than previously inferred contribution of allochthonous carbon in coastal sediments of the Gulf of Mexico.…”

Section: Fraction Of Allochthonous Organic Carbon In 5mb Sedimentsupporting

confidence: 89%

Biogeochemical applications of compound-specific radiocarbon analysis

Pearson¹

1999

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Compound-specific carbon isotopic (013C and !J.14C) data are reported for lipid biomarkers isolated from Santa Monica Basin (SMB) and Santa Barbara Basin (SBB) surface sediments. These organic compounds represent phytoplanktonic, zooplanktonic, bacterial, archaeal, terrestrial, and fossil carbon sources. The lipids include long-chain n-alkanes, fatty acids (as FAMEs), n-alcohols, C 30 mid-chain ketols and diols, sterols, hopanols, and ether-linked C4o-biphytanes of Archaea.The data show that the carbon source for most of the biomarkers is marine euphotic zone primary production or subsequent heterotrophic consumption of this biomass. Two lipid classes represent exceptions to this finding. !J.14C values for the n-alkanes are consistent with mixed fossil and contemporary terrestrial plant sources.The archaeal isoprenoid data reflect chemoautotrophic growth below the euphotic zone.The biomarker class most clearly representing marine phytoplanktonic production is the sterols. It is suggested, therefore, that the sterols could serve as paleoceanographic tracers for surface-water DIC.The isotopic data are used to construct two algebraic models. The first calculates the contributions of fossil and modem vascular plant carbon to 5MB n-alkanes. This model indicates that the !J.14C of the modern component is +235%0 (post-bomb) or 0%0 (pre-bomb). The second model uses these values to determine the origin of sedimentary TOe. The results are comparable to estimates based on other approaches and suggest that -60% of 5MB TOC is of marine origin, modern terrestrial and fossil sources contribute -10% each, and the remaining -20% is of unknown origin.iii For all of our mothers.iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

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“…The data of Gofii et al (1998) are consistent with a higher than previously inferred contribution of allochthonous carbon in coastal sediments of the Gulf of Mexico.…”

Section: Fraction Of Allochthonous Organic Carbon In 5mb Sedimentsupporting

confidence: 89%

Biogeochemical applications of compound-specific radiocarbon analysis

Pearson¹

1999

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“…However, upon reaching the sediment surface, the more polar sterolassociated cell membranes (compared to dinocyst surfaces) bind more intimately to mineral surfaces than dinocysts and become anchored to high density particles. Dinocysts on the other hand likely remain free particles of lower density, and their high molecular weight, highly crosslinked, aliphatic matrix makes them highly resistant to degradation, particularly in anoxic environment (Kokinos et al 1998;Gélinas et al 2001;Arzayus and Canuel 2004). Resuspension of sediments can therefore influence depositional patterns and lead to the spatial and, possibly, temporal decoupling of dinocysts and 4a,23,24-sterols (Mollenhauer et al 2006), particularly in high-energy environments such as ocean margins and slopes, or in the vicinity of river mouths.…”

Section: Comparison Of S Dinosterols and Dinocysts Distributionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They consist of organic-walled capsules composed of a highly refractory aliphatic biomacropolymer (dinosporin, Kokinos et al 1998). Dinocysts protect the cell during the dormancy, or ''hypnozygote'' phase, of many dinoflagellate 1 Corresponding author (ygelinas@alcor.concordia.ca).…”

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confidence: 99%

Dinosterols or dinocysts to estimate dinoflagellate contributions to marine sedimentary organic matter?

Mouradian

Panetta

Vernal³

et al. 2007

Limnology & Oceanography

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Dinosterol (4a,23,24-trimethyl-5a-cholest-22E-en-3b-ol) is frequently used as an alternative to dinoflagellate cyst (dinocyst) counting in paleoceanography to assess dinoflagellate inputs to marine sediments. However, recent studies have shown poor correlation between these two proxies in continental-margin sediments. We reevaluated the relationship and expanded it to include a suite of biogeochemical transformation products of the parent dinosterol (dinosterone, dinostanone, and dinostanol). These dinoflagellate-specific 4a,23,24-trimethyl steroidal species (S dinosterol ) are compared to dinocyst counts in sediments from the western Mexican margin (375-3,500 m). Samples were taken from subsurface (3-6 cm) and down core (16-27 cm) to reflect widely contrasting organic carbon content and redox conditions. A strong correlation was found between the sum of all dinoflagellate-derived sterols, S dinosterols , and total dinocyst counts, highlighting the importance of including diagenetic alteration products of the parent molecule when exploiting organic biomarkers in paleoceanographic studies. In low-energy environments and for well-preserved samples, such as those studied in this work, both methods provide robust, internally consistent data, suggesting that when diagenetic transformation products of dinosterol are taken into account, gas chromatography and optical microscopy could be used interchangeably to estimate dinoflagellate inputs to marine sediments.

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“…Additionally, the molecular weight of 4α-methylgorgostanol is 442. Kokinos et al (1998) tentatively identified C 30 4α-demethylsterol, gorgosterol (22,23-methylene-23,24-dimethylcholest-5-en-3β-ol), in the sterol fraction of a resting cyst of Ligulodinium polyedrum (formerly Gonyaulax polyedra). Gorgosterol has been reported in a number of marine invertebrates and animals.…”

Section: Sterol Compositions Of Dinoflagellate Motile Cells and Restimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The rich fossil record of dinoflagellates, which extends back at least 225 million years, is composed almost exclusively of selectively preserved resting cyst cell walls (Evitt, 1961(Evitt, , 1985. Dinosterol has been detected in resting cysts, such as a resting cyst of Lingulodinium polyedrum (formerly Gonyaulax polyedra; Kokinos et al, 1998). Sedimentary dinosterols thus do not necessarily provide sufficient information about the motile stage of dinoflagellates.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sterol composition of dinoflagellates: Different abundance and composition in heterotrophic species and resting cysts

et al. 2010

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The motile cells of the autotrophic dinoflagellates Peridinium umbonatum var. inaequale, Akashiwo sanguinea, Scrippsiella tinctoria, and Prorocentrum micans commonly contain five major sterols: cholesterol, 4-methylcholestan-3-ol, 4,24-dimethylcholestan-3-ol, dinosterol, and dinostanol. The motile cell of the heterotrophic dinoflagellate Protoperidinium crassipes contains cholesterol, 4,24-dimethylcholestan-3-ol, dinosterol, dinostanol, and 4-tetramethylcholestan-3-ol as major free sterols. The dinosterol concentrations of heterotrophic dinoflagellates are about 4-12 times higher than those of autotrophic species, suggesting that the heterotrophic dinoflagellate is an important source of dinosterol in some sediments. 4-Tetramethylcholestan-3-ol has not been reported in cultured samples of other heterotrophic dinoflagellates. The difference in 4-methyl sterol composition in heterotrophic dinoflagellates may be related to the feeds used during the culture experiment. The resting cyst of P. umbonatum var. inaequale contains 4-methylcholestan-3-ol, 4,24-dimethylcholestan-3-ol, dinosterol, dinostanol, and C 31 ∆ 5,22 -sterol as major free sterols. The C 31 ∆ 5,22 -sterol has not been reported in cultured samples of motile cells from dinoflagellates. This compound might be produced during the resting stage, and thus may serve as a potential biomarker for the resting cysts of dinoflagellates.

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Characterization of a highly resistant biomacromolecular material in the cell wall of a marine dinoflagellate resting cyst

Cited by 135 publications

References 68 publications

Biogeochemical applications of compound-specific radiocarbon analysis

Biogeochemical applications of compound-specific radiocarbon analysis

Dinosterols or dinocysts to estimate dinoflagellate contributions to marine sedimentary organic matter?

Sterol composition of dinoflagellates: Different abundance and composition in heterotrophic species and resting cysts

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