Nowadays, human beings are facing global challenges such as population explosion, increasing demand for food and water, resource depletion, and changing climate conditions and have been forced to move forward to development of sustainable society. Among many potential technologies, membrane technology is one of the most direct, effective and feasible approaches to solving these sophisticated problems.As a semipermeable barrier between two phases, a membrane can separate one component that moves through the membrane faster than other components of a mixture. Although the historical development of membrane science and technology can be traced back to 1748, before the 1960s, membranes were only used in laboratories or for small-scale applications in industry and life sciences. In the 1960s and 1970s, microfiltration (MF) became important in biological and pharmaceutical manufacturing. Since the 1970s, membrane technology has been used in a large scale in many different areas, especially for seawater desalination and water/wastewater treatment. During the past two decades, the energy consumption and capital/operational costs of membrane systems have declined considerably, while the availability, efficiency and reliability of new membranes and systems have increased significantly, which has resulted in worldwide exponential growth of applications of membrane technology. Nowadays, membrane technologies have emerged as the focal point of separation processes and industrial production of high quality water.There is a timely need for a book with updated, useful and systematized information on membrane technology and its environmental applications. The objectives of this book are to provide: a) comprehensive information on the principles of membrane technology and its environmental applications; and b) a general overview of recent advances in membrane technology, critical analysis of new membranes systems and applications, and future directions of development in the field of membrane technology. As an introduction of the book, this chapter covers a broader picture of membrane technology. The chapter starts with a brief introduction of the key development in the membrane technology realm, followed by an overview 1 Membrane Technology and Environmental Applications Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by University Of Auckland on 03/15/15.