Characterization of an influenza A virus isolated from pigs during an outbreak of respiratory disease in swine and people during a county fair in the United States

Vincent, Amy L.; Swenson, Sabrina L.; Lager, Kelly M.; Gauger, Phillip C.; Loiacono, Christina M.; Zhang, Yan

doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.01.003

Cited by 115 publications

(106 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…In previously documented instances of swine influenza virus infections of people, only limited human transmission was evident (22,23,30). The pandemic H1N1 2009 virus has demonstrated the ability for sustained humanto-human transmission, and the results of this and an associated study (10) confirm that the virus is also capable of humanto-swine, swine-to-swine, and swine-to-human transmission.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 59%

Genetic and Pathobiologic Characterization of Pandemic H1N1 2009 Influenza Viruses from a Naturally Infected Swine Herd

Weingartl

Berhane

Hisanaga

et al. 2010

J Virol

130

113

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 59%

Genetic and Pathobiologic Characterization of Pandemic H1N1 2009 Influenza Viruses from a Naturally Infected Swine Herd

Weingartl

Berhane

Hisanaga

et al. 2010

J Virol

130

113

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“…Some studies suggest that the triple reassortant viruses may be more virulent than the classic H1N1 viruses, 158 especially those reassortants that have been recovered from circumstances in which both pigs and humans were infected. 159 Pigs also appear to be relatively resistant to infection with viruses that cause disease in other host species. Infection of pigs with low-pathogenicity avian influenza (LPAI) viruses or seasonal human influenza viruses usually results in limited viral replication with mild clinical disease and lesions, unless the virus adapts through genetic mutation.…”

Section: Virulencementioning

confidence: 99%

Influenza A Virus Infections in Swine

Janke

2013

Vet Pathol

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Influenza has been recognized as a respiratory disease in swine since its first appearance concurrent with the 1918 ''Spanish flu'' human pandemic. All influenza viruses of significance in swine are type A, subtype H1N1, H1N2, or H3N2 viruses. Influenza viruses infect epithelial cells lining the surface of the respiratory tract, inducing prominent necrotizing bronchitis and bronchiolitis and variable interstitial pneumonia. Cell death is due to direct virus infection and to insult directed by leukocytes and cytokines of the innate immune system. The most virulent viruses consistently express the following characteristics of infection: (1) higher or more prolonged virus replication, (2) excessive cytokine induction, and (3) replication in the lower respiratory tract. Nearly all the viral proteins contribute to virulence. Pigs are susceptible to infection with both human and avian viruses, which often results in gene reassortment between these viruses and endemic swine viruses. The receptors on the epithelial cells lining the respiratory tract are major determinants of infection by influenza viruses from other hosts. The polymerases, especially PB2, also influence cross-species infection. Methods of diagnosis and characterization of influenza viruses that infect swine have improved over the years, driven both by the availability of new technologies and by the necessity of keeping up with changes in the virus. Testing of oral fluids from pigs for virus and antibody is a recent development that allows efficient sampling of large numbers of animals.Keywords influenza virus, swine, pathogenesis, cytokines, apoptosis, virulence, cross-species infection, hemagglutinin, receptors, polymerases, diagnosisThe evolution and epidemiology of influenza A virus (IAV) infections in swine have been integrally tied to the segmented nature of the genome of the virus, which facilitates gene reassortment, and to the adaptability of these genes through mutation, which sometimes facilitates replication in a new host. 8,19,77,85,89 Influenza was first recognized as a respiratory disease entity in swine during the 1918 human Spanish flu pandemic. 67 The virus was not isolated until 1931, when nasal discharge from pigs was inoculated into ferrets and subsequently into embryonated chicken eggs. 129 In 1933, a similar virus was recovered from humans with this technique. 131 The viruses were essentially identical and served as the prototype for type A subtype H1N1 influenza viruses.All influenza viruses of significance that infect swine are type A viruses, defined by the highly conserved internal nucleoproteins and matrix proteins. Influenza A virus subtypes are based on the external hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) proteins. The predominant viruses in swine populations in different parts of the world may have genes of different origin, even though the subtypes may be similar. 10,73,171 The original classic H1N1 swine influenza virus, which remained the predominant influenza virus in North American swine populations for nearl...

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“…Since the emergence of H3N2 influenza virus recombinants, containing a triple unique combination of internal genes known as the TRIG or triple reassortant internal gene cassette, was observed an increased rate of genetic changes of IAV isolates in North America, consequently, different antigenic and genetic clusters started to evolve (Vincent et al, 2009c). The IAV containing the TRIG are characterized by having the gene segments NP, M, NS from the cH1N1, the PB2 and PA segments from avian influenza virus and the PB1, HA and NA of human influenza viruses.…”

Section: Iav In Swine Worldwidementioning

confidence: 99%

Influenza Virus Infection in Pigs

Zanella¹

2013

VR&R

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Infl uenza A virus is a zoonotic agent of great relevance to human and animal health. Swine is an important host to the dynamics and epidemiology of the infection due to its susceptibility to viruses of both the avian and mammalian virus lineages. Th e great genetic variability of infl uenza viruses is caused by two main genetic mechanisms: point mutations and gene reassortment. Th e latter, by letting the exchange of gene segments between two diff erent infl uenza viruses infecting the same cell, allows a rapid evolution of infl uenza viruses and the emergence of reassortant viruses against which there is no immunity in the host (human or animal). Infl uenza is endemic in pigs in many countries and the emergence of new viruses has been challenging its control and diagnostics. Although infections with infl uenza A virus (IAV) are endemic in most of the pork producing countries throughout the world, in Brazil this pathogen has not received much attention. Since the emergence of the 2009 pandemic H1N1 infl uenza virus in pigs (H1N1pdm09), many outbreaks of respiratory disease were observed in Brazilian swine populations. Currently, in Brazil, H1N1, H3N2 and 2009 pandemic H1N1 (A(H1N1)pdm09) infl uenza A viruses (IAVs) circulate in domestic swine herds.

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Characterization of an influenza A virus isolated from pigs during an outbreak of respiratory disease in swine and people during a county fair in the United States

Cited by 115 publications

References 28 publications

Genetic and Pathobiologic Characterization of Pandemic H1N1 2009 Influenza Viruses from a Naturally Infected Swine Herd

Genetic and Pathobiologic Characterization of Pandemic H1N1 2009 Influenza Viruses from a Naturally Infected Swine Herd

Influenza A Virus Infections in Swine

Influenza Virus Infection in Pigs

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