Characterization of an underwater channel for quantum communications in the Ottawa River

Hufnagel, Felix; Sit, Alicia; Grenapin, Florence; Bouchard, Frédéric; Heshami, Khabat; England, Duncan; Zhang, Yingwen; Sussman, Benjamin J.; Boyd, Robert W.; Leuchs, Gerd; Karimi, Ebrahim

doi:10.1364/oe.27.026346

Cited by 42 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…In particular, this has been investigated in communications through scattering media, 21 atmospheric turbulence, [22][23][24] and underwater. 25,26 Increasing the complexity of the beam profile can lead to improved performances in turbulent media. [27][28][29][30][31][32] This can be achieved with vector vortex beams (VVBs), which are structured beam profiles in which the helicoidal wavefront is coupled with a nonuniform distribution of the polarization on the transverse plane.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transmission of vector vortex beams in dispersive media

et al. 2020

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Scattering phenomena affect light propagation through any kind of medium from free space to biological tissues. Finding appropriate strategies to increase the robustness to scattering is the common requirement in developing both communication protocols and imaging systems. Recently, structured light has attracted attention due to its seeming scattering resistance in terms of transmissivity and spatial behavior. Moreover, correlation between optical polarization and orbital angular momentum (OAM), which characterizes the so-called vector vortex beams (VVBs) states, seems to allow for the preservation of the polarization pattern. We extend the analysis by investigating both the spatial features and the polarization structure of vectorial optical vortexes propagating in scattering media with different concentrations. Among the observed features, we find a sudden swift decrease in contrast ratio for Gaussian, OAM, and VVB modes for concentrations of the adopted scattering media exceeding 0.09%. Our analysis provides a more general and complete study on the propagation of structured light in dispersive and scattering media.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transmission of vector vortex beams in dispersive media

et al. 2020

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“…However, the scattering effects are not treated thoroughly in these theoretical models, since in some scenarios the inconspicuous influences of scattered effects on light transmissions are neglected. While for the underwater links, the studies mainly focus on the classical effects of the water on propagating optical signals [21][22][23][24], the related experimental demonstration of the feasibility of entanglement transmission [25], the performance analysis and related experimental demonstrations of quantum key distribution [26][27][28][29][30] and quantum state transmission [26,31,32]. The knowledges of the influences of nontrivial scattering effects on the nonclassical properties, especially the entanglement, for atmospheric and underwater environments are almost blank.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Entanglement transmission through dense scattering medium

Huang

Zeng

2020

New J. Phys.

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Scattering effects are ubiquitous in practical wireless optical links. Here a transmission model with complete consideration of scattered light and beam wandering effects for underwater link is developed, with the aim to completely characterize the received quantum state of light through dense scattering medium. Based on this model, we show the influence of scattered photons on the improvement of the entanglement after transmission through turbid water may vary for different copropagation scenarios, i.e., the contribution of scattered light on entanglement transmission may be turned from positive to negative, with increase of the strength of underwater beam wandering. And the attenuation coefficient and aperture size are found to be the dominant factors affecting the entanglement through underwater link. While for the counterpropagation scenario, the scattered photons will severely deteriorate the entanglement transmission especially for the high-loss scattering links. These findings may shed light on quantum entanglement transmission and help to develop its applications through dense scattering medium.

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“…If the calibration is not performed correctly, it is possible that some information is missing. Thus, an information lack (exploited by a spy, called Eve) in the characterization process imposes a potentially high risk on the information shared between two separate parties (Alice and Bob) [4][5][6]. Besides, each device used for the design and implementation of QKD systems presents particular real characteristics and constraints that affect the overall performance of the complete system.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fake calibration attack using a beam sampler in a continuous variable-quantum key distribution system

et al. 2020

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A Fake Calibration Attack process for a Continuous Variable-Quantum Key Distribution system using a Beam Sampler is presented. The Fake Calibration Attack allows a calibration that balances the Standard Quantum Limit for all the optical path in the experiment (differential Standard Quantum Limit is ≈ 0.39 dB) allowing Eve to acquire ≈ 0.0671 for a particular information quadrature which establishes a Quantum Bit Error Rate ≈ 5.8%. As a final result, the balancing of the Standard Quantum Limit for both states of polarization signals allows maintaining the overall Quantum Bit Error Rate at a particular value ≈ 3%, which implies an important basis for detecting a potential spy considering the minimum Quantum Bit Error Rate.

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Characterization of an underwater channel for quantum communications in the Ottawa River

Cited by 42 publications

References 34 publications

Transmission of vector vortex beams in dispersive media

Transmission of vector vortex beams in dispersive media

Entanglement transmission through dense scattering medium

Fake calibration attack using a beam sampler in a continuous variable-quantum key distribution system

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