Characterization of Anisotropic Damage Behaviour of Recycled Aluminium Alloys AA6061 Undergoing High Velocity Impact

Ho, Choon Sin; Rani, Muhamad Afandi Ab; Nor, Mohd Khir Mohd; Ma’at, N.; Sultan, M. T. H.; Lajis, Mohd Amri; Yusuf, Nur Kamilah

doi:10.30880/ijie.2019.11.01.025

Cited by 15 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Conversely, the recycling metals experience highvelocity impact to a great extent unexplored. Most materials demonstrated considerable changes in the mechanical reaction under expanded rates of stressing [19,20].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plastic anisotropic and damage evolution analysis of recycled aluminium alloy AA6061 at high rate of strain

Ho¹,

Nor²,

Rani³

et al. 2020

JMES

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Aluminium alloys have been widely used in many applications, and its usage is increasing yearly due to its distinctive properties. Nevertheless, it required high energy consumption and pollution during the production of primary sources. This leads to the attention in producing secondary sources to substitute the primary aluminium. Recycling of aluminium alloys adopted in automotive structures is a great option to save thousands of energy and prevent tons of CO2 from being released to the atmosphere. Numerous investigations must be conducted to establish the mechanical behaviour before the specific applications can be identified. However, there is a challenge for such recycled aluminium to achieve the same application as the primary sources due to material properties degradation related to damage. It is still an open study area to be explored for a better understanding of the behaviours of recycled aluminium. Thus, in this work, the Taylor Cylinder Impact test is used to investigate anisotropic-damage behaviour of recycled aluminium alloy AA6061 undergoing high-velocity impact from 190m/s to 300 m/s using two length-to-diameter (L/D) ratios. The recovered samples are observed under an optical microscope (OM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). A strong strain rate dependency can be seen as the damage evolution is increasing as the impact velocity increase. Further, the corresponding digitized footprints analysis exhibit plastic anisotropic and localized plastic strain in such recycled material. This can be clearly observed from the development of a non-symmetrical footprint within the impact surface. This test is the first to explore the deformation behaviour of recycled materials using high-velocity cylinder impact in a high rate of strain deformation regime.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plastic anisotropic and damage evolution analysis of recycled aluminium alloy AA6061 at high rate of strain

Ho¹,

Nor²,

Rani³

et al. 2020

JMES

Self Cite

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show abstract

“…The range of the impact velocity is selected based on the capability of the gas-gun machine, where the maximum pressure that can be set able to produce maximum impact velocity to about 370m/s. The minimum impact velocity is choosen based on preliminary study in [38]. The impact surface and the sectional cut area (about 5 mm away from the impact surface) of the specimens, as shown in Figure 5, are observed under SEM machine to study the microstructure of the material related to damage and its propagation.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of deformation behaviour and fracture mode of recycled aluminium alloys (AA6061) subjected to high-velocity impact

Nor

2020

JMES

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Recycling aluminium alloys have been shown to provide great environmental and economic benefits. The global demands placed upon recycled aluminium and its product has further increased the need for better understanding and prediction of the deformation behaviour of such materials subjected to various dynamic loading conditions. It is also a topic of high interest for both the designer and the user of metal structures, specifically in the automotive industry. Even though numerous efforts have been made to improve recycling processes of aluminium alloys, very little attention is given on the fracture behaviour related damage and anisotropy during impact. In this study, therefore, the anisotropic-damage behaviour of the recycled aluminium alloys (AA6061) is examined via Taylor Cylinder Impact test. A gas gun was used to fire the projectiles towards a target at impact velocity ranging from 170m/s to 370 m/s. The deformation behaviour, including the fracture modes, digitized footprint and side profile of the deformed specimens, are observed and analysed. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) is further used to observe the damage behaviour, including microstructural changes of the impact surface. The damage progression is also analysed by observing the microstructural behaviour of location 0.5 cm from the impact area. General speaking, there are three different types of ductile fracture modes (mushrooming, tensile splitting and petalling) can be observed in this study within the impact velocity range of 170m/s to 370m/s. The critical impact velocity is defined at 212 m/s. The digitized footprint analysis exhibited a non-symmetrical (ellipse-shaped) footprint where the footprints showed plastic anisotropic behaviour and localized plastic strain in such recycled material. The damage evolution of the material is increasing with the increase in impact velocity.

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“…It is vital since aluminium alloys are usually performed under high temperatures, especially in automotive and aerospace applications. 3,4 Thus, it is essential to characterize the effects of strain rate and temperature on the mechanical behaviour of recycled AA6061 to assure consistency and reliability.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tensile behaviour and damage characteristic of recycled aluminium alloys AA6061 undergoing finite strain deformation

Nor

2020

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C:

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The effects of temperature and strain rate of hot-forged recycled aluminium alloys AA6061 are examined via uniaxial tensile test implementations in this paper. The tests are conducted at elevated temperatures of 100 °C, 200 °C and 300 °C, at two different strain rates of 10−4 s−1 and 10−3 s−1. The tensile behaviour and damage characteristic are analysed in terms of stress-strain curves and microstructural analysis, respectively. The microstructure and fracture surface of such materials are observed using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Optical Microscope (OM). The flow stress of recycled AA6061 increases with increasing strain rate and decreases with increasing temperature. ImageJ software is used to quantify void characteristics. It is observed that the quantity and size of the micro-voids are strain-rate sensitive. This is due to the growth and coalescence of the micro-voids. The OM analysis shows the gap between the grain boundaries becomes wider with the increasing temperature that affects the strength of the material. The outcome of this work gives valuable information before the appropriate applications, especially in automotive and aerospace fields, can be established. It can be agreed that there is still a need for improved recycling methods to fulfil the needs in the required applications, as shown by its primary resources. It is a massive challenge and an obvious drawback in such materials due to the degradation of material’s properties related to damage.

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Characterization of Anisotropic Damage Behaviour of Recycled Aluminium Alloys AA6061 Undergoing High Velocity Impact

Cited by 15 publications

References 11 publications

Plastic anisotropic and damage evolution analysis of recycled aluminium alloy AA6061 at high rate of strain

Plastic anisotropic and damage evolution analysis of recycled aluminium alloy AA6061 at high rate of strain

Characterization of deformation behaviour and fracture mode of recycled aluminium alloys (AA6061) subjected to high-velocity impact

Tensile behaviour and damage characteristic of recycled aluminium alloys AA6061 undergoing finite strain deformation

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