Characterization of Coloured Gemstones by X-ray Micro Computed Tomography

Abstract

The monetary value of gemstones is based on five variables: rarity, cut, weight, color and clarity. The latter refers to internal impurities and defects. Fashion may also dictate demand and price. To enhance some of these features and value, gemstones are treated. Disclosure or nondisclosure thereof has been controversial and affected consumer confidence. Most of these treatments are difficult to detect with the naked eye and accurately quantify with traditional optical and analytical methods. X-ray micro computed tomography (micro-CT or μCT) is proposed as a relatively low cost, physically non-destructive and complementary method to detect and quantify clarity enhancement and also to provide a unique 3D fingerprint of each gemstone. A collection of 14 cut colored gemstones was selected. Micro-CT scans allowed fracture detection, their distribution and calculation of filler volume as well as 3D mapping of inclusions, surface and internal imperfections and artificially induced modifications. As a result the method allows the construction of a digital twin. X-ray exposure could however induce unwanted color changes. This effect was minimized or eliminated by optimizing dosage and exposure time.

Gemstone Inclusion Study by 3D Raman-Mapping and High-Resolution X-ray Computed Tomography: The Case of Trapiche Emerald from Swat, Pakistan

“…Their results showed that HRXCT is a promising tool for the non-destructive characterization of fluid and melt inclusions. Heyn et al performed the X-ray CT on several gemstone varieties, including corundum, topaz, and quartz [23].…”