CD56bright natural killer (NK) cells, generated in vitro from CD34 1 hematopoietic progenitor cells, were characterized after a 30-day culture with flt3 ligand plus IL-15. Virtually, all CD56 bright cells expressed CD117, CD25, natural cytotoxicity receptors (NCRs), NKG2D, CD161, and CD244, while only a subset expressed CD18-CD11a (LFA-1), and CD94 molecule, defining an immature CD56 and activatory function that finely control their functional activities. In particular, they express inhibitory receptors for MHC class I (MHC-I) molecules, named killer cell immunoglobulin (Ig)-like receptors (KIRs) and C-type lectin CD94-CD159a, and many triggering molecules like NKp30, NKp44, NKp46, (called natural cytotoxicity receptors, NCRs), NKG2D, CD161, and CD244 (1-4). The majority of peripheral blood (PB) human NK cells are characterized by a phenotype with a low density expression of CD56 (CD56 dim ) and a high expression of CD16 (CD16 bright ), whereas a minority (approximately 5-10%) shows a bright expression of CD56 (CD56 bright ). This latter NK subset presents relatively high expression of some cytokine receptors (CD117 and CD25), lymph node homing receptors (CD62L and CCR7) and the CD94-CD159a heterodimeric inhibitory receptor. Moreover, differently from the well-known CD56 dim /CD16 bright cells, only a small percentage of the CD56 bright subset expresses KIR inhibitory receptors (5-10%) and CD16 dim (20-30%) while, in the majority, these antigens are not expressed (5). On the other hand, CD56bright NK cells are widely expressed in lymphoid tissues (6) and can be generated from CD34 1 cells when cultured with combinations of flt-3 ligand (FL) or stem cell factor plus IL-15 or IL-2 (7-10). During their development, NK cells sequentially acquire many different antigens and some of them allow to distinguish intermediate stages of NK cell differentiation. We had already taken advantage of CD161 antigen expression to define an immature CD161 1 /CD56 2 subset able to kill Jurkat cells via a TRAIL-dependent mechanism (3,11). When cultured with IL-12, this NK cell subset began to express CD56 molecule and became cytotoxic against K562 cells, thus suggesting a