Characterization of emissions from portable household combustion devices: particle size distributions, emission rates and factors, and potential exposures

Fan, Cheng-Wei; Zhang, Junfeng Jim

doi:10.1016/s1352-2310(00)00399-x

Cited by 91 publications

(68 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Joss paper burning has been found to be a significant source of toxic substances, e.g., PM (Fan and Zhang, 2001;Fang et al, 2002), metals (Lau and Luk, 2001;Fang et al, 2003), and PAHs (Chao et al, 1997;Lin et al, 2002;Lung and Hu, 2003;Fang et al, 2004;Yang et al, 2005;Yang et al, 2007;Rao et al, 2008). As a result, the health of people working in temples, visitors, and residents living nearby might be affected.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characteristics of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins/Dibenzofuran from Joss Paper Burned in Taiwanese Temples

Chen

Lai

et al. 2009

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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Two types of furnaces (a mid-size furnace denoted as Furnace 1 and a small-size one denoted as Furnace 2) commonly used for burning joss paper, located in two temples in southern Taiwan, were selected for this study. With similar burning devices (semi-open systems), both furnaces can be used to burn joss paper with the aid of natural air supply through the inlets of furnace. In order to characterize peak emission of PCDD/Fs (usually on festival days) in the selected temples, the sampling campaigns were conducted during the festival period in September 2008. It was found that the mean total I-TEQ contents in the original (unburned) joss paper from Furnaces 1 and 2 were 1.41 and 4.51 ng I-TEQ/kg, respectively. The mean total I-TEQ content in the residue of burned joss paper from Furnace 1 (7.97 ng I-TEQ/kg) was approximately 15-fold that of Furnace 2 (0.490 ng I-TEQ/kg). OCDD was the most abundant congener in the joss paper and in the residues from burned joss paper. Moreover, the emission factor of total PCDD/Fs I-TEQ content of Furnace 1 (0.176 ng I-TEQ/g-feedstock) was one to two orders of magnitude higher than that of Furnace 2 (0.0203 I-TEQ/g-feedstock). This phenomenon is probably associated with the high chlorine content in the unburned joss paper of Furnace 1, and high exhaust temperature from burning joss paper in Furnace 1 (271°C) was possibly within a range that might highly promote de novo formation of PCDD/Fs. It is necessary for the investigated furnaces to install air pollution control devices in order to reduce the PCDD/F emission from joss paper burning.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characteristics of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins/Dibenzofuran from Joss Paper Burned in Taiwanese Temples

Chen

Lai

et al. 2009

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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“…The linearity and reproducibility of the instrument for N 2 O analysis were higher in our previous study. 1 We suspect that the larger variation of the instrument for N 2 O analysis in this stability study was probably due to an insufficient equilibration time for the ECD. All types of analyses (THCs, CO 2 -CO-CH 4 , and N 2 O) were done by one GC/FID/ECD system in our laboratory.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 88%

“…[1][2][3][4][5] The major species of concern often include CO, CO 2 , CH 4 , N 2 O, and total hydrocarbons (THCs). A commonly used method to measure emissions of these compounds from various sources involves the collection of source samples into a container.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The MMT Bag for Emission Source Sampling: Design and Evaluation

Fan

Zhang

Fan

et al. 2001

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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This paper presents the design and evaluation results for a metal-coated multilayer Tedlar (MMT) bag that was developed for the collection of source emissions. The applicability of the MMT bag was evaluated for a number of important greenhouse relevant gases: CO, CO 2 , CH 4 , N 2 O, and total hydrocarbons (THCs). The bag was tested for durability and stability for a range of concentrations of the tested compounds using both laboratory-prepared samples and real source samples. The results show that all tested compounds were more stable when stored in the MMT bag than when stored in a regular Tedlar bag. These compounds can be stored at room temperature for at least 3 months without significant changes in concentration. When properly packed, the MMT bag is durable and may be shipped by air. The MMT bag is lower in cost, lighter in weight, and easier to clean, and it requires less devices during the subsequent laboratory analysis compared with a stainless steel canister, which is often used to collect air and source samples. IMPLICATIONSThe development of a reliable, economical, and easy-touse storage and shipping procedure for samples of greenhouse gases and other air pollutants is important for accurately measuring these emissions from the wide variety of source types dispersed throughout the world. The MMT bag presented in this paper has proved to be a reliable sampling tool for the collection of gaseous pollutants, such as CO, CO 2 , CH 4 , and N 2 O, from various emission sources. The bag can be used and reused for collection, transport, and storage of emission samples, which can be subsequently analyzed in a laboratory.

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“…A dynamic equilibrium was achieved in approximately 4 min. according to the results calculated using a single-compartment mass balance model (Fan and Zhang, 2001). After the mosquito coil had been burned for 10 min., particulates and gaseous volatile organic pollutants were collected at a flow rate of 0.5 L min -1 for 5 min.…”

Section: Volatile Organic Pollutant Sampling Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Volatile Organic Pollutant Emissions from Smoldering Mosquito Coils Containing Various Atomic Hydrogen/Carbon Ratios

Yang

Lin

Shie

et al. 2016

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from smoldering mosquito coils containing various atomic hydrogen/carbon (H/C) ratios in different relative humidity were examined. The concentrations of individual VOCs were determined using a preconcentrator-gas chromatography/mass spectrometer (GC/MS) and a flame ion detector (FID). Up to 72 VOCs were found. It is noteworthy that benzene and 1,3-butadiene, human carcinogenic substances, were emitted by all tested mosquito coils during burning. The five types of mosquito coils studied had atomic H/C ratios ranging from 1.23 to 1.57, yielding total VOC emission rates and factors of 7,295.72-14,308.17 µg hr -1 and 3,192.78-6,835.03 µg g -1 , respectively. VOC emissions were significantly influenced by the carbon, hydrogen and oxygen contents of coils. According to the analyses of VOC emissions, mosquito coils containing the lowest H/C ratio, a low oxygen content, with suitable additives such as CaCO 3 are recommended for minimizing total VOC emission.

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Characterization of emissions from portable household combustion devices: particle size distributions, emission rates and factors, and potential exposures

Cited by 91 publications

References 16 publications

Characteristics of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins/Dibenzofuran from Joss Paper Burned in Taiwanese Temples

Characteristics of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins/Dibenzofuran from Joss Paper Burned in Taiwanese Temples

The MMT Bag for Emission Source Sampling: Design and Evaluation

Characterization of Volatile Organic Pollutant Emissions from Smoldering Mosquito Coils Containing Various Atomic Hydrogen/Carbon Ratios

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