Characterization of Fish Gelatin Obtained from Atlantic Cod Skin Using Enzymatic Treatment

Abstract

In recent years, there has been increased interest in the production of gelatin from alternative sources, such as raw fish materials. Traditionally, gelatin is obtained using an acidic or alkaline treatment. However, these methods have some disadvantages, such as the long times for processing raw materials and the use of large amounts of water and chemicals. Furthermore, milder processing regimes are required for producing fish gelatin. Enzymes could be the solution for improving the technology of fish gelatin production, due to their specificity and ability to increase the rate of collagen digestion. In this work, samples of gelatin from cod skin were obtained using enzymes of bacterial (protosubtilin) and animal (pancreatin) origins. The use of enzymes reduced the duration of extraction by 40%, and the yield of the final product was increased from 51% to 58–60%. The dependence of the contents of the main components of the secondary structure of gelatin and its rheological and thermal properties on molecular weight was also established. In this study, the gelatins obtained without enzymes and with protosubtilin were shown to have the most desirable characteristics, namely of the highest molecular weights and the highest proportion of ordered structures.

Construction of antibacterial nano-silver embedded bioactive hydrogel to repair infectious skin defects

“…Antioxidants can minimize AgNP cytotoxicity [56]. Both PADM and AgNP-PADM were antioxidants, which may be because the collagen-rich PADM and AgNP-PADM hydrogels contained numerous negatively charged amino acids such as proline [23], which can combine with positively charged DPPH to scavenge oxygen free-radicals [9]. It is well known that oxygen free radicals in infected wounds will increase and aggravate local inflammation.…”

“…Trypsin is a commercial food-grade enzyme exhibiting increased proteolytic activity and is used to break down collagen [23]. The AgNP release of the PADM and AgNP-PADM hydrogels was also measured using trypsin-containing and pure PBS.…”

“…Day and night were alternated for 12 h. According to the National Institute of Health publication No. [18][19][20][21][22][23]1985, which is typically referenced for the care and use of laboratory animals, great care should be taken with rats. The rats were anesthetized using ketamine (30.0 mg kg − 1 ), their dorsal hair was removed, and their skin was rinsed using 70% ethanol.…”

Ionogels Derived from Fluorinated Ionic Liquids to Enhance Aqueous Drug Solubility for Local Drug Administration

“…Specially, the gelatin nanostructure footprint by spectroscopy is related to the vibrational bands of the amide A (3600–2300 cm −1 ), amide I (1700–1600 cm −1 ), amide II (1500–1560 cm −1 ), and amide III (1200–1300 cm −1 ). Likewise, the analysis of the second derivative to amide band I facilitate the extraction of the rich detailed signals about the secondary structure of the gelatin ( Figure 11 , Table 6 ) [ 73 , 74 ] in good agreement with other fish [ 75 ].…”

Evaluation and Characterization of Hard-Shell Capsules Formulated by Using Goatskin Gelatin

“…The most common sources of gelatin for industrial production are porcine and bovine skins and the bones of porcine animals and cattle [ 7 ]. Globally, more than 45% of gelatin comes from porcine.…”