Characterization of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Viruses in Zambia-Implications for the Epidemiology of the Disease in Southern Africa

Banda, Fredrick; Sinkala, Yona; Mataa, Liywalii; Lebea, Phiyani Justice; Sikombe, Tingiya; Kangwa, Henry L.; Fana, E. M.; Mokopasetso, Mokganedi; Wadsworth, Jemma; Knowles, Nick J.; King, Donald P.; Quan, Melvyn

doi:10.3390/v13112195

Cited by 3 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Prior to 2018, serotype O outbreaks in Zambia were restricted to the Northern Province where they were recorded on three occasions (1982, 2000 and 2010). Sequence data for VP1 encoding sequences for O/EA‐2 viruses collected in 2010 close to the border with Tanzania are shown in Figure 1 (O/ZAM1/2010, O/ZAM/3/2010 and O/ZAM/4/2010; Banda et al., 2021 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…and EUR-2B52R as previously described (Banda et al, 2021;Knowles et al, 2016), or with FMD-3161F and FMD-4303R (Dill et al, 2017).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…At the WRLFMD, field isolates were generated in bovine thyroid primary cell cultures and typed using Ag‐ELISA (Ferris & Dawson, 1988 ). VP1 encoding regions were amplified using two separate RT‐PCR reactions with primers O‐1C244F and EUR‐2B52R as previously described (Banda et al., 2021 ; Knowles et al., 2016 ), or with FMD‐3161F and FMD‐4303R (Dill et al., 2017 ). Cycle sequencing adopted the same primers in separate reactions (Knowles et al., 2016 ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Prior to 2018, outbreaks due to serotype O were restricted to the Northern Province of Zambia (most recently detected in 2010) where there was close genetic relationship with viral sequences found in other countries in Pool 4. However, since 2018 this serotype has been detected in a number of central and southern Zambian provinces representing a new incursion of serotype O into the Southern African Pool (Banda et al., 2021 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since 2018, O/EA-2 viruses within a new genetic clade have spread across Zambia to cause outbreaks in Central, Copperbelt, Lusaka, North-Western, Southern and Western Provinces (Figure 2; Banda et al, 2021). The precise transmission pathways for the introduction of O/EA-2 into central, southern and western parts of Zambia are not completely understood, but it has been previously suggested that the closure of an abattoir in Mbala District of the Northern Province may have incentivized stock owners to move animal southwards in search of market access(Banda et al, 2021). Phylogenetic analyses (Figure1) highlight the transboundary connectivity between Zambia and Namibia and understanding epidemiological connections that underpin the recent spread of the O/EA-2 topotype in Zambia and Namibia is a priority for new studies.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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The first detection of a serotype O foot‐and‐mouth disease virus in Namibia

Banda

Shilongo²,

Hikufe³

et al. 2022

Transbounding Emerging Dis

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This report describes the molecular characterization of a serotype O foot‐and‐mouth disease virus (FMDV) recovered from a field outbreak in the Zambezi region, Namibia during July 2021. Sequence analysis demonstrates that this FMDV belongs to the O/EA‐2 topotype sharing closest nucleotide identity (99.5%) to FMD viruses collected since 2018 in Zambia. This is the first detection of serotype O in Namibia, and together with the cases that have been recently detected in southern Zambia, represent the first time that this serotype has been detected in the Southern African FMD endemic pool since 2000, when a virus of Asian origin (O/ME‐SA/PanAsia) caused an outbreak in South Africa. This incursion poses a new threat for the region and the potential onward spread of O/EA‐2 will now need to be closely monitored since serotype O vaccines are not widely used in Namibia, nor in neighbouring countries.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…and EUR-2B52R as previously described (Banda et al, 2021;Knowles et al, 2016), or with FMD-3161F and FMD-4303R (Dill et al, 2017).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

The first detection of a serotype O foot‐and‐mouth disease virus in Namibia

Banda

Shilongo²,

Hikufe³

et al. 2022

Transbounding Emerging Dis

Self Cite

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Epidemiological Dynamics of Foot-and-Mouth Disease in the Horn of Africa: The Role of Virus Diversity and Animal Movement

Woldemariyam

Kariuki

Kamau

et al. 2023

Viruses

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The Horn of Africa is a large area of arid and semi-arid land, holding about 10% of the global and 40% of the entire African livestock population. The region’s livestock production system is mainly extensive and pastoralist. It faces countless problems, such as a shortage of pastures and watering points, poor access to veterinary services, and multiple endemic diseases like foot-and-mouth disease (FMD). Foot-and-mouth disease is one of the most economically important livestock diseases worldwide and is endemic in most developing countries. Within Africa, five of the seven serotypes of the FMD virus (FMDV) are described, but serotype C is not circulating anymore, a burden unseen anywhere in the world. The enormous genetic diversity of FMDV is favored by an error-prone RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, intra-typic and inter-typic recombination, as well as the quasi-species nature of the virus. This paper describes the epidemiological dynamics of foot-and-mouth disease in the Horn of Africa with regard to the serotypes and topotypes distribution of FMDV, the livestock production systems practiced, animal movement, the role of wildlife, and the epidemiological complexity of FMD. Within this review, outbreak investigation data and serological studies confirm the endemicity of the disease in the Horn of Africa. Multiple topotypes of FMDV are described in the literature as circulating in the region, with further evolution of virus diversity predicted. A large susceptible livestock population and the presence of wild ungulates are described as complicating the epidemiology of the disease. Further, the husbandry practices and legal and illegal trading of livestock and their products, coupled with poor biosecurity practices, are also reported to impact the spread of FMDV within and between countries in the region. The porosity of borders for pastoralist herders fuels the unregulated transboundary livestock trade. There are no systematic control strategies in the region except for sporadic vaccination with locally produced vaccines, while literature indicates that effective control measures should also consider virus diversity, livestock movements/biosecurity, transboundary trade, and the reduction of contact with wild, susceptible ungulates.

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Development and Application of a TaqMan RT-qPCR for the Detection of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus in Pigs

Dong,

Xiao,

Wang

et al. 2024

Veterinary Sciences

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The global livestock industry is facing a serious threat from a widespread foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) epidemic. The timely detection of FMDV can significantly mitigate its harmful effects. This study aimed to establish and evaluate a TaqMan fluorescence quantitative PCR assay to assess its sensitivity, specificity, reproducibility, and stability. The standard curve equation range is 6.43 × 109–6.43 × 101 copies/µL, with an R2 value of 0.996 and a standard curve equation of y = −3.586x + 36.245. The method successfully detected 64.3 copies/µL of the target gene for FMDV and exhibited high specificity for FMDV. Repeatability tests demonstrated low coefficients of variation within and between groups (<2%), indicating good reproducibility. The clinical samples analyzed using this method showed results consistent with those of the SYBR Green I RT-qPCR assay, confirming the reliability of the method. Overall, the developed test method displayed high sensitivity, specificity, reproducibility, and stability, making it suitable for the rapid diagnosis of foot-and-mouth disease in clinical settings.

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Characterization of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Viruses in Zambia-Implications for the Epidemiology of the Disease in Southern Africa

Cited by 3 publications

References 26 publications

The first detection of a serotype O foot‐and‐mouth disease virus in Namibia

The first detection of a serotype O foot‐and‐mouth disease virus in Namibia

Epidemiological Dynamics of Foot-and-Mouth Disease in the Horn of Africa: The Role of Virus Diversity and Animal Movement

Development and Application of a TaqMan RT-qPCR for the Detection of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus in Pigs

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