Characterization of Formation Water Constituents and the Effect of Fresh Water Dilution from Land Rig Location of the Niger Delta, Nigeria

Abstract

ABSTRACT:The research work examined the constituents of formation water and fresh water dilution effects from a land location in the Niger Delta Area of Nigeria. Some selected physicochemical and microbiological analyses were determined at ambient temperature (82 o F) and formation temperature (185 o F). Analysis of the mixture of the formation water and fresh water were carried out at various ratios of (90/10 and 50/50) % respectively. Test results indicated that dilution effect of the fresh water on the formation sample resulted in reduction in concentrations of most of the parameters both at the ambient and formation temperatures. However, some physicochemical parameters like (pH, TDS and Electrical conductivity) showed higher concentration values at formation temperature than ambient temperature. While the pH values for the 90/10 ratio at both ambient and formation temperatures gave 4.80 and 6.35 respectively, the values for the 50/50 ratio at both ambient and formation temperatures were 5.26 and 7.94 respectively. The oil & grease values for 90/10 ratio at both ambient and formation temperature were 0.32(mg/l) and 0.2(mg/l) respectively. While the 50/50 ratio at both ambient and formation temperatures were 2.70(mg/l) and 0.6(mg/l) respectively. The iron concentration for the 90/10 and 50/50 ratios at both ambient and formation temperatures were 0.08, 0.08 (mg/l) and 0.09, 0.11 (mg/l) respectively. There was no incompatibility in terms of precipitation observed with the different mixtures at both temperatures. In order to safely dispose formation water in compliance with environmental regulations, dilution with uncontaminated fresh water is recommended. @ JASEM

Use of Nanostructured Layered Double Hydroxides as Nanofilters in the Removal of Fe2+ and Ca2+ Ions from Oil Wells

“…Divalent metal ions (Mg and Ca) in solution with Al 3+ titrated with NaOH over 3-5 h yielded Mg-Al and Ca-Al layered double hydroxides, respectively. In the present studies, SO 4 the OH stretching vibration, while the band at 1640 cm −1 is attributed to the bending mode of the lattice water. e stretching vibrational modes of PO 4 3− or SO 4 2− units were observed in the region 1057-1130 cm −1 .…”

“…In the present studies, SO 4 the OH stretching vibration, while the band at 1640 cm −1 is attributed to the bending mode of the lattice water. e stretching vibrational modes of PO 4 3− or SO 4 2− units were observed in the region 1057-1130 cm −1 . e bands in the region 600-430 cm −1 are attributable to the M-O vibrations.…”

“…e product was washed thrice with deionized water before drying. A similar procedure was used for compounds 2-4, the difference being in the metal and SO 4 2− ions for compounds 3 and 4.…”

“…For compound 1, orthophoshoric acid was used as the source of the PO 4 3− anion. For compounds 2 and 4, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate and orthophosphoric acid were used to introduce PF 6 − and PO 4 3− anions, respectively. For compound 3, the source of the SO 4 2− anion was H 2 SO 4 .…”

“…During the course of our investigation of LDHs as a scale inhibitor, we were interested in using Mg and Ca as divalent metal ions to prepare Mg-Al-and Ca-Al layered double hydroxides intercalated with PO 4 …”